Schematic diagram of the development of ILCs, mainly based on mouse differentiation pathways.[1]
ILC2 cells, or type 2 innate lymphoid cells are a type of innate lymphoid cell. Not to be confused with the ILC. They are derived from common lymphoid progenitor and belong to the lymphoid lineage. These cells lack antigen specific B or T cell receptor because of the lack of recombination activating gene.[2] ILC2s produce type 2 cytokines (e.g. IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13) and are involved in responses to helminths, allergens,[3] some viruses, such as influenza virus[4] and cancer.[5][6][7]
The cell type was first described in 2001 as non-B/non-T cells, which produced IL-5 and IL-13 in response to IL-25 and expressed MHC class II and CD11c.[8] In 2006, a similar cell population was identified in a case of helminthic infection.[9] The name "ILC2" was not proposed until 2013.[10] They were previously identified in literature as natural helper cells,[11] nuocytes,[12] or innate helper 2 cells.[13] It is believed that ILC2s are rather old cell type with ancestor populations emerging in lamprey and bony fish.[14]
^Vivier E, Artis D, Colonna M, Diefenbach A, Di Santo JP, Eberl G, et al. (August 2018). "Innate Lymphoid Cells: 10 Years On". Cell. 174 (5): 1054–1066. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.017. PMID 30142344.
^Spits H, Cupedo T (2012). "Innate lymphoid cells: emerging insights in development, lineage relationships, and function". Annual Review of Immunology. 30: 647–75. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075053. PMID 22224763.
^Doherty TA, Broide DH (January 2019). "Airway innate lymphoid cells in the induction and regulation of allergy". Allergology International. 68 (1): 9–16. doi:10.1016/j.alit.2018.11.001. PMC 6614863. PMID 30473412.
^Monticelli LA, Sonnenberg GF, Abt MC, Alenghat T, Ziegler CG, Doering TA, et al. (November 2011). "Innate lymphoid cells promote lung-tissue homeostasis after infection with influenza virus". Nature Immunology. 12 (11): 1045–54. doi:10.1038/ni.2131. PMC 3320042. PMID 21946417.
^Wagner, Marek; Moro, Kazuyo; Koyasu, Shigeo (May 2017). "Plastic Heterogeneity of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Cancer". Trends in Cancer. 3 (5): 326–335. doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2017.03.008. PMID 28718410.
^Fort MM, Cheung J, Yen D, Li J, Zurawski SM, Lo S, et al. (December 2001). "IL-25 induces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and Th2-associated pathologies in vivo". Immunity. 15 (6): 985–95. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00243-6. PMID 11754819.
^Fallon PG, Ballantyne SJ, Mangan NE, Barlow JL, Dasvarma A, Hewett DR, et al. (April 2006). "Identification of an interleukin (IL)-25-dependent cell population that provides IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 at the onset of helminth expulsion". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 203 (4): 1105–16. doi:10.1084/jem.20051615. PMC 2118283. PMID 16606668.
^Lund S, Walford HH, Doherty TA (November 2013). "Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Allergic Disease". Current Immunology Reviews. 9 (4): 214–221. doi:10.2174/1573395510666140304235916. PMC 4033554. PMID 24876829.
^Moro K, Yamada T, Tanabe M, Takeuchi T, Ikawa T, Kawamoto H, et al. (January 2010). "Innate production of T(H)2 cytokines by adipose tissue-associated c-Kit(+)Sca-1(+) lymphoid cells". Nature. 463 (7280): 540–4. doi:10.1038/nature08636. PMID 20023630. S2CID 4420895.
^Neill DR, Wong SH, Bellosi A, Flynn RJ, Daly M, Langford TK, et al. (April 2010). "Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity". Nature. 464 (7293): 1367–70. Bibcode:2010Natur.464.1367N. doi:10.1038/nature08900. PMC 2862165. PMID 20200518.
ILC2 cells, or type 2 innate lymphoid cells are a type of innate lymphoid cell. Not to be confused with the ILC. They are derived from common lymphoid...
transcription factors RORα and GATA3. GATA3 is also required for maintenance of ILC2 function, with GATA3 deprivation inhibiting the development and function...
produced by variety of cells like mast cells, NKT cells, Th2, Th17, Treg, ILC2, and Th9 cells in different amounts. Among them, Th9 cells are regarded as...
IgG isotypes. Type 2 IR is caused by toxins and multicellular parasites. ILC2, epithelial cells, Th2 lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, IgE...
their maturation as demonstrated by ex-vivo culture experiments. TH2 and ILC2 cells both express the transcription factor GATA-3, which promotes the production...
2015). "T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation, type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) development and regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 production"...
master transcription factors as well as secreted effector cytokines - ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3. ILC 3 family can be divided into two subgroups based on their expression...
IL-13, and IL-33, which in turn activate group 2-innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 or natural helper cells). Basophils share a common haemopoietic progenitor...
Immunological memory was reported in monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, ILC1, ILC2, and recently in ILC3 as well, Concomitantly, some nonimmune cells, for example...
amplifies type-2 cytokine response, characterized by secretion of cytokines from ILC2 cells. Tissue remodeling during type-2 immune response is based on cytokine...
Mregs. Other cells such as eosinophils and innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2) can promote M2 polarization by cytokine secretion. IL-9 can function as...
2015). "T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation, type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) development and regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 production"...
including the involvement of IgE, mast cells, Innate lymphoid cells 2 (ILC2), eosinophils, and basophils. Allergy symptoms are often related to the body's...
ILC2s play a major role in allergen-induced lung inflammation by developing ILC2 deficient mice. More studies by his group showed other roles of ILC2s such...
development of innate lymphoid cells. Innate lymphoid cells include ILC1, ILC2, ILC3 and NK cells. Notch signaling can aid in the development of all innate...
several pro-inflammatory effects, including the stimulation of TH2 cells, ILC2, and eosinophils. Asthma: Activation of PTGDR2 amplifies an inflammation...
amphiregulin expression after tissue damage, is the innate lymphoid cell 2 (ILC2) population. This has been observed in several organs, such as the lung,...
Ana I Domingos, Henrique Veiga-Fernandes. Neuro-mesenchymal units control ILC2 and Obesity via a brain–adipose circuit. Nature 597, 410–414 (2021). O'Brien...
pro-inflammatory cytokine and antigen specificity are critical. Lung specific ILC2 showed memory-like phenotype after allergen exposure Trained immunity relies...
the activation of natural lymphoid cells 2 (ILC2). IL-25 and IL-33 are the most potent activators of ILC2. IL-25 induces the production of other cytokines...
inflammation in effector T cells. PKC-θ plays a role in the activation of ILC2 and contribute to the proliferation of Th2 cells. The kinase PKC-θ is crucial...
is also expressed on surface of CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells with Vδ1 TCR and ILC2. The presence of IL-15 stimulates the expression of NKp30+ CD8+ T cells with...
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