Pārśvanātha founded Jain vegetarianism in 9th century BCE, which is widely considered to be the strictest and most comprehensive form of vegetarianism.
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The earliest records of vegetarianism as a concept and practice amongst a significant number of people are from ancient India, especially among the Hindus[1] and Jains.[2] Later records indicate that small groups within the ancient Greek civilizations in southern Italy and Greece also adopted some dietary habits similar to vegetarianism.[3] In both instances, the diet was closely connected with the idea of nonviolence toward animals (called ahimsa in India), and was promoted by religious groups and philosophers.[4]
Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire in late antiquity (4th–6th centuries), vegetarianism nearly disappeared from Europe.[5] Several orders of monks in medieval Europe restricted or banned the consumption of meat for ascetic reasons but none of them abstained from the consumption of fish; these monks were not vegetarians but some were pescetarians.[6] Vegetarianism was to reemerge somewhat in Europe during the Renaissance[7] and became a more widespread practice during the 19th and 20th centuries. The figures for the percentage of the Western world which is vegetarian varies between 0.5% and 4% per Mintel data in September 2006.[8][citation needed]
^Michael Allen Fox (1999). Deep Vegetarianism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-59213-814-2. Hinduism has the most profound connection with a vegetarian way of life and the strongest claim to fostering and supporting it.
^Spencer, Colin: The Heretic's Feast. A History of Vegetarianism, London 1993
^Spencer p. 33–68.
^Religious Vegetarianism From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama, ed. Kerry S. Walters and Lisa Portmess, Albany 2001, p. 13–46.
^Passmore, John (1975). "The Treatment of Animals". Journal of the History of Ideas. 36 (2): 196–201. doi:10.2307/2708924. JSTOR 2708924. PMID 11610245. S2CID 43847928.
^Lutterbach, Hubertus: Der Fleischverzicht im Christentum, in: Saeculum 50/II (1999) p. 202.
^Spencer p. 180–200.
^"Mintel Oxygen, "Attitudes Towards Vegetarianism – UK – december 2006"". Archived from the original on 2020-06-11. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
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