Estimation of effect of genetic variation on phenotypic variation of a trait
Not to be confused with heredity.
Studies of heritability ask questions such as to what extent do genetic factors influence differences in height between people. This is not the same as asking to what extent do genetic factors influence height in any one person.
Heritability is a statistic used in the fields of breeding and genetics that estimates the degree of variation in a phenotypic trait in a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals in that population.[1] The concept of heritability can be expressed in the form of the following question: "What is the proportion of the variation in a given trait within a population that is not explained by the environment or random chance?"[2]
Other causes of measured variation in a trait are characterized as environmental factors, including observational error. In human studies of heritability these are often apportioned into factors from "shared environment" and "non-shared environment" based on whether they tend to result in persons brought up in the same household being more or less similar to persons who were not.
Heritability is estimated by comparing individual phenotypic variation among related individuals in a population, by examining the association between individual phenotype and genotype data,[3][4] or even by modeling summary-level data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS).[5] Heritability is an important concept in quantitative genetics, particularly in selective breeding and behavior genetics (for instance, twin studies). It is the source of much confusion due to the fact that its technical definition is different from its commonly-understood folk definition. Therefore, its use conveys the incorrect impression that behavioral traits are "inherited" or specifically passed down through the genes.[6] Behavioral geneticists also conduct heritability analyses based on the assumption that genes and environments contribute in a separate, additive manner to behavioral traits.[7]
^Wray N, Visscher P (2008). "Estimating Trait Heritability". Nature Education. 1 (1): 29. Archived from the original on 2 August 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
^Yang J, Lee SH, Goddard ME, Visscher PM (January 2011). "GCTA: a tool for genome-wide complex trait analysis". American Journal of Human Genetics. 88 (1): 76–82. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.011. PMC 3014363. PMID 21167468.
^Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Stoltenberg SF (June 1997). "Coming to terms with heritability". Genetica. 99 (2–3): 89–96. doi:10.1007/BF02259512. hdl:2027.42/42804. PMID 9463077. S2CID 18212219. Archived from the original on 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
^Wahlsten D (1994). "The intelligence of heritability" (PDF). Canadian Psychology. 35 (3): 244–260. doi:10.1037/0708-5591.35.3.244. ISSN 1878-7304. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-24. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
the relative contribution. Heritability is specific to a particular population in a particular environment. High heritability of a trait, consequently,...
adult individuals have found a heritability of IQ between 57% and 73%, with some recent studies showing heritability for IQ as high as 80%. IQ goes from...
personality. Yet heritability may differ in other circumstances, for instance environmental deprivation. Examples of low, medium, and high heritability traits include:...
The missing heritability problem is the fact that single genetic variations cannot account for much of the heritability of diseases, behaviors, and other...
Heritable jurisdictions were, in the law of Scotland, grants of jurisdiction made to a man and his heirs. They were a usual accompaniment to feudal tenures...
The heritability of autism is the proportion of differences in expression of autism that can be explained by genetic variation; if the heritability of...
examples of heritability in evolution that are not under the direct control of genes include the inheritance of cultural traits, group heritability, and symbiogenesis...
aggregate in families. Most psychiatric disorders are highly heritable; the estimated heritability for bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism (80% or...
vulnerable to the effects of environmental risk factors. Estimates of the heritability of schizophrenia are between 70% and 80%, which implies that 70% to 80%...
Look up genotype in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material. Genotype can also be used to...
variation in phenotype, environment, and genotype respectively. Broad sense heritability (H2, or HB) refers to the phenotypic differences arising from all genetic...
variance that is responsible for a trait, we can calculate the trait heritability. Heritability can be used as an important predictor to evaluate if a population...
environment. While the heritability of IQ has been investigated for nearly a century, there is still debate about the significance of heritability estimates and...
A connective tissue disease is a disease which involves damage to, or destruction of, any type of connective tissue in the body. Depending on the specific...
aggressiveness, and IQ have high heritability. The researchers who carry out those studies are careful to point out that heritability does not constrain the influence...
highly polygenic (involving many small genetic effects). SNP heritability and co-heritability. Recently, researchers have begun to use similarity between...
Behavioral traits of cattle can be as heritable as some production traits, and often, the two can be related. The heritability of temperament (response to isolation...
as a temperament trait molded by a certain kind of early environment. Heritability studies using twins have shown that narcissistic traits, as measured...
Visscher, Peter M.; Posthuma, Danielle (2015). "Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies" (PDF). Nature Genetics...
to have only a modest effect on heritability estimates. Peter Schonemann criticized methods for estimating heritability developed in the 1970s. He has...
a particular species. Polymorphism occurs both at specific level with heritable variation in the overall morphological adaptations of individuals, as...
particular population. A heritability of 1 indicates that variation correlates fully with genetic variation and a heritability of 0 indicates that there...
England, the Kingdom of Great Britain and then the United Kingdom. The Heritable Usher of the White Rod is the only example of an office of the Crown becoming...
with heritability. Genetic determination and heritability are not interchangeable as there are traits that are genetically determined but not heritable, and...
genetic diseases, less than 20% of heritability is explained by known variants. Some argue that unexplained heritability may be due to many rare variants...
these brain regions. Genetic factors play an important role; ADHD has a heritability rate of 70-80%. The remaining 20-30% of variance is mediated by de-novo...
A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome. It can be caused by a mutation in a single gene (monogenic) or...
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