Hepatotoxicity (from hepatic toxicity) implies chemical-driven liver damage. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a cause of acute and chronic liver disease caused specifically by medications and the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn from the market after approval.
The liver plays a central role in transforming and clearing chemicals and is susceptible to the toxicity from these agents. Certain medicinal agents, when taken in overdoses (e.g. paracetamol) and sometimes even when introduced within therapeutic ranges (e.g. halothane), may injure the organ. Other chemical agents, such as those used in laboratories and industries, natural chemicals (e.g., microcystins), and herbal remedies (two prominent examples being kava, mechanism unknown, and comfrey, through pyrrolizidine alkaloid content) can also induce hepatotoxicity. Chemicals that cause liver injury are called hepatotoxins.
More than 900 drugs have been implicated in causing liver injury[1] (see LiverTox, external link, below) and it is the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn from the market. Hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury also account for a substantial number of compound failures, highlighting the need for toxicity prediction models (e.g. DTI),[2] and drug screening assays, such as stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells, that are capable of detecting toxicity early in the drug development process.[3] Chemicals often cause subclinical injury to the liver, which manifests only as abnormal liver enzyme tests.
Drug-induced liver injury is responsible for 5% of all hospital admissions and 50% of all acute liver failures.[4][5]
^Friedman SE, Grendell JH, McQuaid KR (2003). Current diagnosis & treatment in gastroenterology. New York: Lang Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. pp. 664–679. ISBN 978-0-8385-1551-8.
^Dixit VA (March 2019). "A simple model to solve a complex drug toxicity problem". Toxicol Res. 8 (2): 157–171. doi:10.1039/c8tx00261d. PMC 6417485. PMID 30997019.
^Greenhough S, Hay DC (2012). "Stem Cell-Based Toxicity Screening: Recent Advances in Hepatocyte Generation". Pharm Med. 26 (2): 85–89. doi:10.1007/BF03256896. S2CID 15893493.
^McNally PF (2006). GI/Liver Secrets: with STUDENT CONSULT Access. Saint Louis: C.V. Mosby. ISBN 978-1-56053-618-5.
^Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiødt FV, Larson A, Davern TJ, Han SH, et al. (December 2002). "Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States". Ann Intern Med. 137 (12): 947–54. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-137-12-200212170-00007. PMID 12484709. S2CID 11390513.
Hepatotoxicity (from hepatic toxicity) implies chemical-driven liver damage. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a cause of acute and chronic liver disease...
inducer isoniazid increases the risk of hepatotoxicity, though whether 2E1 induction is related to the hepatotoxicity in this case is unclear. Concomitant...
addition to the kava lactones is important to provide protection against hepatotoxicity". It has also been argued that kavalactone extracts have often been...
published in the World Journal of Hepatology reexamined known cases of hepatotoxicity that had previously been linked to consumption of Herbalife products...
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$136 million. Since the withdrawal in 2000, mechanisms of troglitazone hepatotoxicity have been extensively studied using a variety of in vivo, in vitro,...
Auclert, L; Le-Louët, H (November 2021). "Safety data and withdrawal of hepatotoxic drugs". Therapie. 76 (6): 715–723. doi:10.1016/j.therap.2018.02.004....
Rosiglitazone (trade name Avandia) is an antidiabetic drug in the thiazolidinedione class. It works as an insulin sensitizer, by binding to the PPAR in...
organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). Sometimes the word is more or less synonymous with poisoning in everyday...
Nicotine gum is a chewing gum containing the active ingredient nicotine polacrilex. It is a type of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) used alone or in...
fatal or non-fatal strokes. Prescription niacin was shown to cause hepatotoxicity and increase risk of type 2 diabetes. Niacin prescriptions in the U...
stenosis. Erythromycin estolate has been associated with reversible hepatotoxicity in pregnant women in the form of elevated serum glutamic-oxaloacetic...
fluid retention. Drostanolone propionate is not known to pose a risk of hepatotoxicity. Drostanolone propionate is a prodrug of drostanolone. Like other AAS...
for hepatotoxicity during drug metabolism with a number of different drugs, including flucloxacilin, trioleandomycin, and troglitazone. Hepatotoxicity indicates...
and 17%), with hepatotoxicity. In contrast, testosterone esters have only extremely rarely or never been associated with hepatotoxicity, and other non-17α-alkylated...
public domain. Amar PJ, Schiff ER (July 2007). "Acetaminophen safety and hepatotoxicity--where do we go from here?". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 6 (4): 341–355...
E. Marinelli, S. Gentili, S. Graziano, F.P. Busardò, N.M. di Luca "Hepatotoxicity induced by greater celandine (Chelidonium majus L.): a review of the...
degradation. Studies in mice have found the following health effects: Hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, hormonal effects and carcinogenic...
analogue, male-limited precocious puberty. In any case, the risk of hepatotoxicity with ketoconazole limits its use in all of these indications, especially...
Excessive consumption of green tea extract has been associated with hepatotoxicity and liver failure. In 2018, a scientific panel for the European Food...
but serious side effects like acute liver injury. Zafirlukast-induced hepatotoxicity generally occurs within the first 2–6 months of initiating therapy,...
potential interaction has been reported with imatinib, resulting in hepatotoxicity, and with lamotrigine. The common ginsengs (P. ginseng and P. quinquefolia)...
Kyriakidis I, Tragiannidis A, Munchen S, Groll AH (February 2017). "Clinical hepatotoxicity associated with antifungal agents". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 16...
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