Global InformationPlanktivore information
A planktivore is an aquatic organism that feeds on planktonic food, including zooplankton and phytoplankton.[1][2] Planktivorous organisms encompass a range of some of the planet's smallest to largest multicellular animals in both the present day and in the past billion years; basking sharks and copepods are just two examples of giant and microscopic organisms that feed upon plankton.[3]
Planktivory can be an important mechanism of top-down control that contributes to trophic cascades in aquatic and marine systems.[4][5] There is a tremendous diversity of feeding strategies and behaviors that planktivores utilize to capture prey.[6][4][7] Some planktivores utilize tides and currents to migrate between estuaries and coastal waters;[8] other aquatic planktivores reside in lakes or reservoirs where diverse assemblages of plankton are present, or migrate vertically in the water column searching for prey.[9][5][10][11] Planktivore populations can impact the abundance and community composition of planktonic species through their predation pressure,[12] and planktivore migrations facilitate nutrient transport between benthic and pelagic habitats.[13]
Planktivores are an important link in marine and freshwater systems that connect primary producers to the rest of the food chain. As climate change causes negative effects throughout the global oceans, planktivores are often directly impacted through changes to food webs and prey availability.[14] Additionally, harmful algal blooms (HABs) can negatively impact many planktivores and can transfer harmful toxins from the phytoplankton, to the planktivores, and along up the food chain.[15] As an important source of revenue for humans through tourism and commercial uses in fisheries, many conservation efforts are going on globally to protect these diverse animals known as planktivores.[16][17][7][18]
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- ^ Rudstam, Lars G.; Lathrop, Richard C.; Carpenter, S. R. (March 1993). "The Rise and Fall of a Dominant Planktivore: Direct and Indirect Effects on Zooplankton". Ecology. 74 (2): 303–319. Bibcode:1993Ecol...74..303R. doi:10.2307/1939294. ISSN 0012-9658. JSTOR 1939294.
- ^ Brooks, John Langdon (September 1968). "The Effects of Prey Size Selection By Lake Planktivores". Systematic Zoology. 17 (3): 273–291. doi:10.2307/2412007. ISSN 0039-7989. JSTOR 2412007.
- ^ Friedman, Matt; Shimada, Kenshu; Martin, Larry D.; Everhart, Michael J.; Liston, Jeff; Maltese, Anthony; Triebold, Michael (2010-02-19). "100-Million-Year Dynasty of Giant Planktivorous Bony Fishes in the Mesozoic Seas". Science. 327 (5968): 990–993. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..990F. doi:10.1126/science.1184743. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 20167784. S2CID 206524637.
- ^ a b Mariani, Patrizio; Andersen, Ken H.; Visser, André W.; Barton, Andrew D.; Kiørboe, Thomas (2012-12-14). "Control of plankton seasonal succession by adaptive grazing". Limnology and Oceanography. 58 (1): 173–184. doi:10.4319/lo.2013.58.1.0173. ISSN 0024-3590. S2CID 84968837.
- ^ a b Chipps, Steven R.; Bennett, David H. (2000). <0569:zanrbi>2.0.co;2 "Zooplanktivory and Nutrient Regeneration by Invertebrate (Mysis relicta) and Vertebrate (Oncorhynchus nerka) Planktivores: Implications for Trophic Interactions in Oligotrophic Lakes". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 129 (2): 569–583. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0569:zanrbi>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0002-8487.
- ^ Kahilainen, Kimmo; Siwertsson, Anna; Gjelland, Karl Øystein; Knudsen, Rune; Bøhn, Thomas; Amundsen, Per-Arne (2010-07-27). "The role of gill raker number variability in adaptive radiation of coregonid fish". Evolutionary Ecology. 25 (3): 573–588. doi:10.1007/s10682-010-9411-4. hdl:10037/16457. ISSN 0269-7653. S2CID 25979923.
- ^ a b Lazzaro, Xavier (1987). "A review of planktivorous fishes: Their evolution, feeding behaviours, selectivities, and impacts". Hydrobiologia. 146 (2): 97–167. doi:10.1007/bf00008764. ISSN 0018-8158. S2CID 30965515.
- ^ Bullard, Stephan G.; Whitlatch, Robert B. (2008-03-17). "Seasonal variation in planktivory risk in a Southern New England coastal habitat". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 357 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2007.11.017. ISSN 0022-0981.
- ^ Campbell, Christine E.; Knoechel, Roy (1990-07-01). "Distribution patterns of vertebrate and invertebrate planktivores in Newfoundland lakes with evidence of predator–prey and competitive interactions". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 68 (7): 1559–1567. doi:10.1139/z90-230. ISSN 0008-4301.
- ^ Siegfried, Clifford A.; Bloomfield, J. A.; Sutherland, J. W. (1987). "Acidification, Vertebrate and Invertebrate Predators, and the Structure of Zooplankton Communities in Adirondack Lakes". Lake and Reservoir Management. 3 (1): 385–393. Bibcode:1987LRMan...3..385S. doi:10.1080/07438148709354794. ISSN 1040-2381.
- ^ SIMS, DAVID W.; SOUTHALL, EMILY J.; TARLING, GERAINT A.; METCALFE, JULIAN D. (July 2005). "Habitat-specific normal and reverse diel vertical migration in the plankton-feeding basking shark". Journal of Animal Ecology. 74 (4): 755–761. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00971.x. ISSN 0021-8790. S2CID 85876756.
- ^ Stein, Roy A.; DeVries, Dennis R.; Dettmers, John M. (1995-11-01). "Food-web regulation by a planktivore: exploring the generality of the trophic cascade hypothesis". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 52 (11): 2518–2526. doi:10.1139/f95-842. hdl:1811/37944. ISSN 0706-652X.
- ^ Schaus, Maynard H.; Vanni, Michael J. (2000). "Effects of Gizzard Shad on Phytoplankton and Nutrient Dynamics: Role of Sediment Feeding and Fish Size". Ecology. 81 (6): 1701–1719. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1701:EOGSOP]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1939-9170.
- ^ Elser, James J.; Sterner, Robert W.; Galford, Amy E.; Chrzanowski, Thomas H.; Findlay, David L.; Mills, Kenneth H.; Paterson, Michael J.; Stainton, Michael P.; Schindler, David W. (2000-05-10). "Pelagic C:N:P Stoichiometry in a Eutrophied Lake: Responses to a Whole-Lake Food-Web Manipulation". Ecosystems. 3 (3): 293–307. Bibcode:2000Ecosy...3..293E. doi:10.1007/s100210000027. ISSN 1432-9840. S2CID 25322643.
- ^ Lefebvre, K.; Silver, M.; Coale, S.; Tjeerdema, R. (2002-03-01). "Domoic acid in planktivorous fish in relation to toxic Pseudo-nitzschia cell densities". Marine Biology. 140 (3): 625–631. Bibcode:2002MarBi.140..625K. doi:10.1007/s00227-001-0713-5. ISSN 1432-1793. S2CID 83475212.
- ^ Springer, AM; Byrd, GV; Iverson, SJ (2007-12-20). "Hot oceanography: planktivorous seabirds reveal ecosystem responses to warming of the Bering Sea". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 352: 289–297. Bibcode:2007MEPS..352..289S. doi:10.3354/meps07080. ISSN 0171-8630.
- ^ Yong, Ed (2021-11-03). "The Enormous Hole That Whaling Left Behind". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
- ^ Meunier, Cédric L.; Boersma, Maarten; Wiltshire, Karen H.; Malzahn, Arne M. (2016). "Zooplankton eat what they need: copepod selective feeding and potential consequences for marine systems". Oikos. 125 (1): 50–58. Bibcode:2016Oikos.125...50M. doi:10.1111/oik.02072. ISSN 1600-0706.