Dinoflagellata Bütschli 1885 [1880–1889] sensu Gomez 2012[2][3][4]
Classes
Ellobiophyceae
Psammosea
Oxyrrhea
Pronoctilucea
Duboscquellea
Syndiniophyceae
Noctiluciphyceae
Dinophyceae
Synonyms
Cilioflagellata Claparède & Lachmann, 1868
Dinophyta Dillon, 1963
Dinophyceae sensu Pascher, 1914
Pyrrophyta Pascher 1914
Pyrrhophycophyta Papenfuss 1946
Arthrodelen Flagellaten Stein 1883
Dinomastigota Margulis & Sagan, 1985
Dinophyta Dillon, 1963
The dinoflagellates (from Ancient Greek δῖνος (dînos) 'whirling', and Latin flagellum 'whip, scourge') are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata[5] and are usually considered protists. Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plankton, but they also are common in freshwater habitats. Their populations vary with sea surface temperature, salinity, and depth. Many dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, but a large fraction of these are in fact mixotrophic, combining photosynthesis with ingestion of prey (phagotrophy and myzocytosis).[6][7]
In terms of number of species, dinoflagellates are one of the largest groups of marine eukaryotes, although substantially smaller than diatoms.[8] Some species are endosymbionts of marine animals and play an important part in the biology of coral reefs. Other dinoflagellates are unpigmented predators on other protozoa, and a few forms are parasitic (for example, Oodinium and Pfiesteria). Some dinoflagellates produce resting stages, called dinoflagellate cysts or dinocysts, as part of their lifecycles; this occurs in 84 of the 350 described freshwater species and a little more than 10% of the known marine species.[9][10] Dinoflagellates are alveolates possessing two flagella, the ancestral condition of bikonts.
About 1,555 species of free-living marine dinoflagellates are currently described.[11] Another estimate suggests about 2,000 living species, of which more than 1,700 are marine (free-living, as well as benthic) and about 220 are from fresh water.[12] The latest estimates suggest a total of 2,294 living dinoflagellate species, which includes marine, freshwater, and parasitic dinoflagellates.[2]
A rapid accumulation of certain dinoflagellates can result in a visible coloration of the water, colloquially known as red tide (a harmful algal bloom), which can cause shellfish poisoning if humans eat contaminated shellfish. Some dinoflagellates also exhibit bioluminescence—primarily emitting blue-green light. Thus, some parts of the ocean light up at night giving blue-green light.
^Parfrey LW, Lahr DJ, Knoll AH, Katz LA (August 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624–9. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10813624P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989.
^ abGómez F (2012). "A checklist and classification of living dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata)". CICIMAR Oceánides. 27 (1): 65–140. doi:10.37543/oceanides.v27i1.111.
^Ruggiero; et al. (2015), "Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms", PLOS ONE, 10 (4): e0119248, Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019248R, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248, PMC 4418965, PMID 25923521
^Silar, Philippe (2016), "Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes", HAL Archives-ouvertes: 1–462, ISBN 9782955584101, OCLC 1019558675, archived from the original on 2016-05-13, retrieved 2016-09-04
^Fensome RA, Taylor RJ, Norris G, Sarjeant WA, Wharton DI, Williams GL (1993). A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication. Vol. 7. Hanover PA: Sheridan Press. OCLC 263894965.
^Stoecker DK (1999). "Mixotrophy among Dinoflagellates". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 46 (4): 397–401. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04619.x. S2CID 83885629.
^Esser K, Lüttge U, Beyschlag W, Murata J (2012-12-06). Progress in Botany: Genetics Physiology Systematics Ecology. Springer. ISBN 978-3-6421-8819-0. Archived from the original on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
^Guiry MD (October 2012). "How many species of algae are there?". Journal of Phycology. 48 (5): 1057–63. Bibcode:2012JPcgy..48.1057G. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01222.x. PMID 27011267. S2CID 30911529.
^Mertens KN, Rengefors K, Moestrup Ø, Ellegaard M (2012). "A review of recent freshwater dinoflagellate cysts: Taxonomy, phylogeny, ecology and palaeocology". Phycologia. 51 (6): 612–619. Bibcode:2012Phyco..51..612M. doi:10.2216/11-89.1. S2CID 86845462.
^Bravo I, Figueroa RI (January 2014). "Towards an Ecological Understanding of Dinoflagellate Cyst Functions". Microorganisms. 2 (1): 11–32. doi:10.3390/microorganisms2010011. PMC 5029505. PMID 27694774.
^Gómez, F. (2005). "A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans". Acta Botanica Croatica. 64 (1): 129–212.
The dinoflagellates (from Ancient Greek δῖνος (dînos) 'whirling', and Latin flagellum 'whip, scourge') are a monophyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes...
The most frequently encountered bioluminescent organisms may be the dinoflagellates in the surface layers of the sea, which are responsible for the sparkling...
examples in other kingdoms including bioluminescent bacteria, and dinoflagellates. The luciferases of fireflies – of which there are over 2000 species...
Dinoflagellates are eukaryotic plankton, existing in marine and freshwater environments. Previously, dinoflagellates had been grouped into two categories...
Dinoflagellate luciferase (EC 1.13.12.18, Gonyaulax luciferase) is a specific luciferase, an enzyme with systematic name dinoflagellate-luciferin:oxygen...
Predatory dinoflagellates are predatory heterotrophic or mixotrophic alveolates that derive some or most of their nutrients from digesting other organisms...
Dinoflagellate Blooms is the fourth studio album that J. G. Thirlwell has issued under the pseudonym Manorexia. It was released on June 11, 2011 by Ectopic...
Calcareous dinoflagellate cysts or calcareous dinocysts are dinoflagellate cysts produced by a group of peridinoid dinoflagellates, called calcareous...
produce light. Among bioluminescent organisms, only dinoflagellates have scintillons. Marine dinoflagellates at night can emit blue light by bioluminescence...
huxleyi bloom during the late spring and summer months. Dinoflagellates Annual dinoflagellate distribution is defined by an extended bloom period in subsurface...
Dinoflagellate/viral nucleoproteins (DVNPs) are a family of positively-charged, DNA-binding nucleoproteins found exclusively in dinoflagellates and Nucleocytoviricota...
Dinocysts or dinoflagellate cysts are typically 15 to 100 μm in diameter and produced by dinoflagellates as a dormant, zygotic stage of their lifecycle...
the island of Vieques famous for its bioluminescence produced by the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense, which glows blue when agitated. This species of...
group of eukaryotes known as dinoflagellates. These dinoflagellate histone-like proteins replace histone in some dinoflagellates and package DNA into a liquid-crystalline...
typically contributing to a flexible pellicle (thin skin). In armored dinoflagellates they may contain stiff plates. Alveolates have mitochondria with tubular...
remains from the Eocene of Barbados can be interpreted as dinoflagellate thecae of the dinoflagellate Peridinites. These have previously been interpreted as...
(about 7) of freshwater dinoflagellate species. Previously the genus contained also a large number of marine dinoflagellate species. However, these marine...
For example, Gymnodinium nagasakiense can cause harmful red tides, dinoflagellates Gonyaulax polygramma can cause oxygen depletion and result in large...
of dinoflagellate-bearing acoels which are epizoic on living corals. This species is unique in that it transmits its endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae)...
blue light emission. Dinoflagellate luciferin is a chlorophyll derivative (i. e. a tetrapyrrole) and is found in some dinoflagellates, which are often responsible...
zooplankton, including zooflagellates, foraminiferans, radiolarians, some dinoflagellates and marine microanimals. Macroscopic zooplankton include pelagic cnidarians...
full-length cDNA library for a dinoflagellate species, and his team obtained the complete transcriptome of several dinoflagellates, providing sequence information...
eukaryote belonging to the Alveolata, part of the SAR supergroup. It is a dinoflagellate which can cause the foodborne illness ciguatera, and is known to produce...
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