Paraphyletic group of autotrophic eukaryotes in the clade Archaeplastida
For an explanation of its other names, see Viridiplantae and Plantae.
For the bacteria commonly known as blue-green algae that can produce toxic blooms in lakes and other waters, see Cyanobacteria.
Green algae
Stigeoclonium, a chlorophyte green alga genus
Scientific classification
(unranked):
Archaeplastida
Kingdom:
Plantae
Groups included
Mesostigmatophyceae
Spirotaenia
Chlorokybophyceae
Chlorophyta
Charophyta
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
Embryophyta
The green algae (sg.: green alga) are a group of chlorophyll-containing autotrophic eukaryotes consisting of the phylum Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister group that contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have emerged deep in the Charophyte alga as a sister of the Zygnematophyceae.[1][2][3] Since the realization that the Embryophytes emerged within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them.[2][4][5][6][7][excessive citations] The completed clade that includes both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic and is referred to as the clade Viridiplantae and as the kingdom Plantae. The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, most with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid (spherical), and filamentous forms, and macroscopic, multicellular seaweeds. There are about 22,000 species of green algae,[8] many of which live most of their lives as single cells, while other species form coenobia (colonies), long filaments, or highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds.
A few other organisms rely on green algae to conduct photosynthesis for them. The chloroplasts in dinoflagellates of the genus Lepidodinium, euglenids and chlorarachniophytes were acquired from ingested endosymbiont green algae,[9] and in the latter retain a nucleomorph (vestigial nucleus). Green algae are also found symbiotically in the ciliate Paramecium, and in Hydra viridissima and in flatworms. Some species of green algae, particularly of genera Trebouxia of the class Trebouxiophyceae and Trentepohlia (class Ulvophyceae), can be found in symbiotic associations with fungi to form lichens. In general the fungal species that partner in lichens cannot live on their own, while the algal species is often found living in nature without the fungus. Trentepohlia is a filamentous green alga that can live independently on humid soil, rocks or tree bark or form the photosymbiont in lichens of the family Graphidaceae. Also the macroalga Prasiola calophylla (Trebouxiophyceae) is terrestrial,[10] and
Prasiola crispa, which live in the supralittoral zone, is terrestrial and can in the Antarctic form large carpets on humid soil, especially near bird colonies.[11]
^Cite error: The named reference Huan Liu-2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abDelwiche CF, Timme RE (June 2011). "Plants". Current Biology. 21 (11): R417–22. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.021. PMID 21640897.
^Palmer JD, Soltis DE, Chase MW (October 2004). "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1437–45. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437. PMID 21652302.
^"Charophycean Green Algae Home Page". www.life.umd.edu. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
^Cite error: The named reference pmid24533922 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Delwiche CF, Cooper ED (October 2015). "The Evolutionary Origin of a Terrestrial Flora". Current Biology. 25 (19): R899–910. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.029. PMID 26439353.
^Parfrey LW, Lahr DJ, Knoll AH, Katz LA (August 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624–9. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10813624P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989.
^Guiry MD (October 2012). "How many species of algae are there?". Journal of Phycology. 48 (5): 1057–63. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01222.x. PMID 27011267. S2CID 30911529.
^Jackson, Christopher; Knoll, Andrew H.; Chan, Cheong Xin; Verbruggen, Heroen (2018). "Plastid phylogenomics with broad taxon sampling further elucidates the distinct evolutionary origins and timing of secondary green plastids". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 1523. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.1523J. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18805-w. PMC 5784168. PMID 29367699.
^Holzinger, A.; Herburger, K.; Blaas, K.; Lewis, L. A.; Karsten, U. (2017). "The terrestrial green macroalga Prasiola calophylla (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta): Ecophysiological performance under water-limiting conditions". Protoplasma. 254 (4): 1755–1767. doi:10.1007/s00709-016-1068-6. PMC 5474099. PMID 28066876.
^Carvalho, Evelise L.; MacIel, Lucas F.; MacEdo, Pablo E.; Dezordi, Filipe Z.; Abreu, Maria E. T.; Victória, Filipe de Carvalho; Pereira, Antônio B.; Boldo, Juliano T.; Wallau, Gabriel da Luz; Pinto, Paulo M. (2018). "De novo Assembly and Annotation of the Antarctic Alga Prasiola crispa Transcriptome". Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 4: 89. doi:10.3389/fmolb.2017.00089. PMC 5766667. PMID 29359133.
The greenalgae (sg.: green alga) are a group of chlorophyll-containing autotrophic eukaryotes consisting of the phylum Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed...
basis of cyanobacteria's common name, blue-greenalgae, although they are not scientifically classified as algae. They appear to have originated in a freshwater...
different ways. Greenalgae are examples of algae that have primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. Diatoms and brown algae are examples...
Brown algae (sg.: alga) are a large group of multicellular algae comprising the class Phaeophyceae. They include many seaweeds located in colder waters...
color. But despite their name, red algae can vary greatly in color from bright green, soft pink, resembling brown algae, to shades of red and purple, and...
belong to one of several groups of multicellular algae: the red algae, greenalgae, and brown algae. Seaweeds are also harvested or cultivated for the...
They include the greenalgae, which are primarily aquatic, and the land plants (embryophytes), which emerged from within them. Greenalgae traditionally...
lichens is the mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship of greenalgae and/or blue-greenalgae (cyanobacteria) living among filaments of a fungus, forming...
Algae fuel, algal biofuel, or algal oil is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils. Also, algae fuels...
(HAB), or excessive algae growth, is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms by production of natural algae-produced toxins, mechanical...
group varies from about 14 to 26. Together with the red algae (Rhodophyta) and the greenalgae plus land plants (Viridiplantae or Chloroplastida), they...
Chlorophyta is a taxon of greenalgae informally called chlorophytes. The name is used in two very different senses, so care is needed to determine the...
apicomplexans, most ciliates, some greenalgae (the Klebsormidiales), choanoflagellates, oomycetes, brown algae, yellow-greenalgae, Excavata (e.g., euglenids)...
endosymbiotic Cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are sometimes called blue-greenalgae even though they are prokaryotes. They are a diverse phylum of gram-negative...
Charophyta (UK: /kəˈrɒfɪtə, ˌkærəˈfaɪtə/) is a group of freshwater greenalgae, called charophytes (/ˈkærəˌfaɪts/), sometimes treated as a division, yet...
major group of eukaryotes, comprising the photoautotrophic red algae (Rhodophyta), greenalgae, land plants, and the minor group glaucophytes. It also includes...
the study of prokaryotic forms known as blue-greenalgae or cyanobacteria. A number of microscopic algae also occur as symbionts in lichens. Phycologists...
Biofertilizers such as Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirilium and blue greenalgae(BGA) have been in use a long time. Rhizobium inoculant is used for leguminous...
is Amorphophallus titanum. Both are native to Sumatra in Indonesia. Greenalgae are photosynthetic unicellular and multicellular protists that are related...
this article, plants form the clade Viridiplantae (green plants), which consists of the greenalgae and the embryophytes or land plants (hornworts, liverworts...
5 billion years ago in the Archaeplastida clade—land plants, red algae, greenalgae—probably with a cyanobiont, a symbiotic cyanobacteria related to the...
species that eat algae. Two of the major algae eaters are blennies and tangs. These fish eat red slime algae, green film algae, and hair algae. Some of the...
An algae bioreactor is used for cultivating micro or macroalgae. Algae may be cultivated for the purposes of biomass production (as in a seaweed cultivator)...
have a common ancestor with greenalgae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of freshwater charophyte greenalgae as a sister taxon of Charophyceae...
contributors to primary production in the ocean, including greenalgae, brown algae and red algae, and a diverse group of unicellular groups. Vascular plants...
multicellular and colonial examples of algae, including kelp, red algae, some types of diatoms, and some lineages of greenalgae. Flagellates, which bear eukaryotic...
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