For an explanation of very similar terms, see Streptophyta.
Charophyta
Scientific classification
(unranked):
Viridiplantae
(unranked):
Charophyta Migula 1897,[1]sensu Leliaert et al. 2012
Groups included
Mesostigmatophyceae
Chlorokybophyceae
Streptofilum
Klebsormidiophyceae
Phragmoplastophyta
Charophyceae
Coleochaetophyceae
Zygnematophyceae
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
Embryophyta
Charophyta (UK: /kəˈrɒfɪtə,ˌkærəˈfaɪtə/) is a group of freshwater green algae, called charophytes (/ˈkærəˌfaɪts/), sometimes treated as a division,[2] yet also as a superdivision[3] or an unranked clade. The terrestrial plants, the Embryophyta emerged deep within Charophyta, possibly from terrestrial unicellular charophytes,[4] with the class Zygnematophyceae as a sister group.[5][6][7][8][9]
With the Embryophyta now cladistically placed in the Charophyte, it is a synonym of Streptophyta.[10][11][12][13] The sister group of the charophytes are the Chlorophyta. In some charophyte groups, such as the Zygnematophyceae or conjugating green algae, flagella are absent and sexual reproduction does not involve free-swimming flagellate sperm. Flagellate sperm, however, are found in stoneworts (Charales) and Coleochaetales, orders of parenchymatous charophytes that are the closest relatives of the land plants, where flagellate sperm are also present in all except the conifers and flowering plants.[14] Fossil stoneworts of early Devonian age that are similar to those of the present day have been described from the Rhynie chert of Scotland.[15] Somewhat different charophytes have also been collected from the Late Devonian (Famennian) Waterloo Farm lagerstätte of South Africa. These include two species each of Octochara and Hexachara, which are the oldest fossils of Charophyte axes bearing in situ oogonia.
The name comes from the genus Chara, but the finding that the Embryophyta actually emerged in them has not resulted in a much more restricted meaning of the Charophyta, namely to a much smaller side branch. This more restricted group corresponds to the Charophyceae.
^Cite error: The named reference AB_97242 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Lewis, Louise A.; McCourt, Richard M. (2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1535–56. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. PMID 21652308.
^Ruggiero, M. A.; Gordon, D. P.; Orrell, T. M.; Bailly, N.; Bourgoin, T.; Brusca, R. C.; et al. (2015). "A higher level classification of all living organisms". PLOS One. 10 (4): e0119248. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019248R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248. PMC 4418965. PMID 25923521.
^de Vries, J; Archibald, JM (March 2018). "Plant evolution: landmarks on the path to terrestrial life". The New Phytologist. 217 (4): 1428–1434. doi:10.1111/nph.14975. PMID 29318635.
^Del-Bem, Luiz-Eduardo (2018-05-31). "Xyloglucan evolution and the terrestrialization of green plants". New Phytologist. 219 (4): 1150–1153. doi:10.1111/nph.15191. hdl:1843/36860. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 29851097.
^Ruhfel, Brad R.; Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Burleigh, J. Gordon (2014-02-17). "From algae to angiosperms–inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14: 23. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-23. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 3933183. PMID 24533922.
^Wickett, Norman J.; Mirarab, Siavash; Nguyen, Nam; Warnow, Tandy; Carpenter, Eric; Matasci, Naim; Ayyampalayam, Saravanaraj; Barker, Michael S.; Burleigh, J. Gordon (2014-11-11). "Phylotranscriptomic analysis of the origin and early diversification of land plants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (45): E4859–E4868. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111E4859W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1323926111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4234587. PMID 25355905.
^Vries, Jan de; Stanton, Amanda; Archibald, John M.; Gould, Sven B. (2016-02-16). "Streptophyte Terrestrialization in Light of Plastid Evolution". Trends in Plant Science. 21 (6): 467–476. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.021. ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 26895731.
^Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part B. Protoctista 1. Volume1: Charophyta.[1]
^Cook, Martha E.; Graham, Linda E. (2017). "Chlorokybophyceae, Klebsormidiophyceae, Coleochaetophyceae". In Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Slamovits, Claudio H. (eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Springer International Publishing. pp. 185–204. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_36. ISBN 9783319281476.
^Delwiche, Charles F.; Timme, Ruth E. (2011). "Plants". Current Biology. 21 (11): R417–R422. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.021. PMID 21640897.
^Karol, Kenneth G.; McCourt, Richard M.; Cimino, Matthew T.; Delwiche, Charles F. (2001-12-14). "The Closest Living Relatives of Land Plants". Science. 294 (5550): 2351–2353. Bibcode:2001Sci...294.2351K. doi:10.1126/science.1065156. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11743201. S2CID 35983109.
^Lewis, Louise A.; McCourt, Richard M. (2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1535–1556. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. ISSN 1537-2197. PMID 21652308.
^Vaughn, K.C.; Renzaglia, K.S. (2006). "Structural and immunocytochemical characterization of the Ginkgo biloba L. sperm motility apparatus". Protoplasma. 227 (2–4): 165–73. doi:10.1007/s00709-005-0141-3. PMID 16736257. S2CID 9864200.
^Cite error: The named reference Kelman2003 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Charophyta (UK: /kəˈrɒfɪtə, ˌkærəˈfaɪtə/) is a group of freshwater green algae, called charophytes (/ˈkærəˌfaɪts/), sometimes treated as a division, yet...
The composition of Streptophyta and similar groups (Streptophytina, Charophyta) varies in each classification.[citation needed] Some authors include...
the streptophytes/charophytes. The clade Streptophyta consists of the Charophyta in which the Embryophyta (land plants) emerged. In this latter sense the...
Charales is an order of freshwater green algae in the division Charophyta, class Charophyceae, commonly known as stoneworts. Depending on the treatment...
Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister group that contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have emerged deep in the...
This is a list of plants from India that have been considered rare, threatened, endangered, or extinct by the IUCN or the Botanical Survey of India. Some...
green algae in the paraphylum streptophyte algae, also referred to as Charophyta, consisting of more than 4000 described species. The Zygnematophyceae...
commonly called the desmids (Gr. desmos, bond or chain), are an order in the Charophyta, a division of green algae in which the land plants (Embryophyta) emerged...
are called seaweeds, while the most complex freshwater forms are the Charophyta, a division of green algae which includes, for example, Spirogyra and...
plants Charophyta sensu lato, as used by Adl et al., is a monophyletic group which is made up of some green algae, including the stoneworts (Charophyta sensu...
Chlorodendrales – green algae (part) Prasinophytae – green algae (part) Mesostigma Charophyta sensu lato – green algae (part) and land plants Streptophytina – stoneworts...
Cosmarium is a genus of freshwater organisms belonging to the Charophyta, a division of green algae from which the land plants (Embryophyta) emerged. In...
The El Mers Group is a geological group in the Middle Atlas of Morocco. It is subdivided into three formations named the El Mers I, II, and III Formations...
Protista, part B (vol. 1[permanent dead link], Charophyta, vol. 2, Chrysomonadida, Coccolithophorida, Charophyta, Diatomacea & Pyrrhophyta), part C (Sarcodina...
Although some green algae are classified as protists, others such as charophyta are classified with embryophyte plants, which are the most familiar group...
or near plants and rocks. Systematically they fall within the division Charophyta/Streptophyta, in which the land plants (Embryophyta) emerged. Sexual reproduction...
pigmentation, chloroplast structure and nutrient reserves. The algal division Charophyta, sister to the green algal division Chlorophyta, is considered to contain...
is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly...
to which may be added the two green algae divisions, Chlorophyta and Charophyta, to form the clade Viridiplantae. The table below follows the influential...
of botany History of plant systematics Algae Cyanobacteria Brown algae Charophyta Chlorophyta Desmid Diatom Red algae Green algae Bryophytes Anthocerotophyta...
areas of protists (kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista) and plant algae (Charophyta, Chlorophyta, Glaucophyta and Rhodophyta) in the Catalogue of Life. The...
Mesostigma. AlgaeBase then places the order within its circumscription of Charophyta. A clade containing Chlorokybus and Spirotaenia may either be added, or...
This is an overview of the paleoflora of the Eocene Messel Formation as explored by the Messel Pit excavations in Germany. A former quarry and UNESCO World...
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