Schematic cross section of lichen, a symbiosis between green algae and a fungus. 1. Thick layers of hyphae, called the cortex 2. Green algae 3. Loosely packed hyphae 4. Anchoring hyphae called rhizines.
Symbiosis in lichens is the mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship of green algae and/or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) living among filaments of a fungus, forming lichen.[1][2][3]
Living as a symbiont in a lichen appears to be a successful way for a fungus to derive essential nutrients, as about 20% of all fungal species have adopted this mode of life.[4] The autotrophic symbionts occurring in lichens are a wide variety of simple, photosynthetic organisms commonly and traditionally known as “algae”. These symbionts include both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.[5][4][3][2]
^Cite error: The named reference LNA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ab"What is a lichen?". Australian National Botanical Garden.
^ ab"Introduction to Lichens – an Alliance between Kingdoms". University of California Museum of Paleontology.
^ ab"Lichens: Systematics". University of California Museum of Paleontology.
^Cite error: The named reference dobson was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
and 29 Related for: Symbiosis in lichens information
Symbiosisinlichens is the mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship of green algae and/or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) living among filaments of...
Common lichen growth forms A lichen (/ˈlaɪkən/ LY-kən, UK also /ˈlɪtʃən/ LITCH-ən) is a symbiosis of algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple...
name), they are commonly known as "stubble lichens" or "pin lichens". In these lichens, mature spores build up in a thick layer on the surface of the fruiting...
distinguished professor at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. He specialized in the symbiosis of lichens, and wrote several books and numerous publications...
algae occur as symbionts in about 8% of the known lichens. The most commonly occurring genus is Nostoc. The majority of the lichens contain eukaryotic autotrophs...
lichens and the reasons for those distributions. Lichen resynthesis – lichens can be artificially "recreated" by combining partners in a lab. Lichens...
component has also been found inlichens around the world. This discovery has added to understanding of the lichensymbiosis, and the gradation between parasitism...
Vulpinic acid is a natural product first found in and important in the symbiosis underlying the biology of lichens. It is a simple methyl ester derivative of...
activity of some lichen extracts". Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 60 (3): 281–6. Vartia, K.O. (1973). "Antibiotics inLichens". The Lichens. pp. 547–561...
form of lichen identification test. Lichenologists may also study the growth and growth rate of lichens, lichenometry, the role of lichensin nutrient...
with lichens may also have functional significance to lichens. Most mycobiont partners derive from the ascomycetes, and the largest class of lichenized fungi...
bicolor, was published in 2008. An expansion of several multigene families occurred in this fungus, suggesting that adaptation to symbiosis proceeded by gene...
Crustose lichens are lichens that form a crust which strongly adheres to the substrate (soil, rock, tree bark, etc.), making separation from the substrate...
with the lichensymbiosis". Symbiosis. 82 (1–2): 133–147. doi:10.1007/s13199-020-00699-4. hdl:11577/3440801. Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen...
epiphytic lichen consisting of an ascomycete fungus and a green algal partner living together in a symbiotic relationship with a cyanobacterium—a symbiosis involving...
major components of lichens (mycobiont and photobiont); specialized structures inlichen physiology; descriptors of types of lichens; two- and three-dimensional...
common name for various lichens of the genus Umbilicaria that grow on rocks. They are widely distributed, including on bare rock in Antarctica, and throughout...
Italian botanist, specializing in lichenology. Her work in the early twentieth century on the nature of the lichensymbiosis along with collection of many...
symbiosis is a type of symbiosis involving three species. This can include any combination of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, or archaea, often in interkingdom...
and symbiosis of lichens. A native of La Mothe-Saint-Héray, he studied law in Paris. He later served as procureur de république (prosecutor) in Marennes...
the physiology of this symbiosis could well be comparable to that of lichens, but it remains to be better explored. Unlike lichens, mycophycobioses look...
lichens, it is a symbiosis between a fungus and an alga. William Hudson described this species as Lichen rufus in 1762. The similar-appearing lichen D...
of lichens is for dye, but they have also been used for medicine, food and other purposes. Lichens are a common source of natural dyes. The lichen dye...
epibiont. Epiphytes are usually found in the temperate zone (e.g., many mosses, liverworts, lichens, and algae) or in the tropics (e.g., many ferns, cacti...
structure. There are some cases of symbiosis that Begin before maturity such as the Orchidaceae family, in which symbiosis begins at the seed germination...
Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press. pp. 704–705. ISBN 978-0300082494. Harris, Carolyn W. (1902). "Lichens–Umbilicaria". The...
shields or rock-shield lichens) is a genus of foliose lichensin the family Parmeliaceae.: 134 This genus of lichen is commonly found in the United States...
to describe the young gametophyte of a liverwort or peat moss as well. Inlichens it refers to the region of the thallus that is free of algae. The prothallus...
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