Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins
A series of codons in part of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. Each codon consists of three nucleotides, usually corresponding to a single amino acid. The nucleotides are abbreviated with the letters A, U, G and C. This is mRNA, which uses U (uracil). DNA uses T (thymine) instead. This mRNA molecule will instruct a ribosome to synthesize a protein according to this code.
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links proteinogenic amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries.
The codons specify which amino acid will be added next during protein biosynthesis. With some exceptions,[1] a three-nucleotide codon in a nucleic acid sequence specifies a single amino acid. The vast majority of genes are encoded with a single scheme (see the RNA codon table). That scheme is often referred to as the canonical or standard genetic code, or simply the genetic code, though variant codes (such as in mitochondria) exist.
^Turanov AA, Lobanov AV, Fomenko DE, Morrison HG, Sogin ML, Klobutcher LA, Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN (January 2009). "Genetic code supports targeted insertion of two amino acids by one codon". Science. 323 (5911): 259–61. doi:10.1126/science.1164748. PMC 3088105. PMID 19131629.
The geneticcode is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide...
different geneticcodes. When translating from genome to protein, the use of the correct geneticcode is essential. The mitochondrial codes are the relatively...
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms'...
which messenger RNA is derived. This in turn produces proteins through a geneticcode in which a series of triplets (codons) of four possible nucleotides can...
nucleic acid (XNA) as information carriers. It also focuses on an expanded geneticcode and the incorporation of non-proteinogenic amino acids, or “xeno amino...
α-amino acids incorporated into proteins. Only these 22 appear in the geneticcode of life. Amino acids can be classified according to the locations of...
the genetic "language". The geneticcode specifies the correspondence during protein translation between codons and amino acids. The geneticcode is nearly...
common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian. The geneticcode (the "translation table" according to which DNA information is translated...
the first known example of a living organism passing along an expanded geneticcode to subsequent generations. The applications of synthetic nucleotides...
codon table can be used to translate a geneticcode into a sequence of amino acids. The standard geneticcode is traditionally represented as an RNA codon...
codon, consistent with the standard geneticcode for tryptophan. Of note, the arthropod mitochondrial geneticcode has undergone parallel evolution within...
termination. In the standard geneticcode, there are three different termination codons: There are variations on the standard geneticcode, and alternative stop...
pterobranch taxa Rhabdopleura compacta and Cephalodiscus use alternative geneticcodes in their mitochondrial genome. Sato, A; Rickards RB; Holland PWH (2008)...
exon of a gene coding for a protein, such that the produced amino acid sequence is not modified. This is possible because the geneticcode is "degenerate"...
the geneticcode, exhibited as the multiplicity of three-base pair codon combinations that specify an amino acid. The degeneracy of the geneticcode is...
modified. Synonymous mutations occur due to the degenerate nature of the geneticcode. If this mutation does not result in any phenotypic effects, then it...
discoveries were necessary. The discovery of DNA as a means to transfer the geneticcode of life from one cell to another and between generations was essential...
case of thymine (T), for which RNA substitutes uracil (U). Under the geneticcode, these RNA strands specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins...
incorporated during translation (protein synthesis) as directed by the geneticcode, just like the standard amino acids. It is encoded in mRNA by the UAG...
encoded in the geneticcode. In general, the geneticcode specifies 20 standard amino acids; but in certain organisms the geneticcode can include selenocysteine...
Hatfield, D. L.; Gladyshev, V. N. (2010). "Dual functions of codons in the geneticcode". Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 45 (4): 257–65...
was present in early versions of the geneticcode, but methionine intruded into the final version of the geneticcode due to the fact it is used in the cofactor...
notable for the alternative geneticcode of its mitochondria which use TTA as a stop codon instead of coding for Leucine. This code is represented by NCBI...
sequence (DNA or RNA) is not altered—only the frame in which it is read. Geneticcode Directionality (molecular biology) Sense (molecular biology) Rainey S...
Gabriella and a son and daughter. Woese turned his attention to the geneticcode while setting up his lab at General Electric's Knolls Laboratory in the...
a codon, corresponds to a single amino acid, and there is a specific geneticcode by which each possible combination of three bases corresponds to a specific...
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