In molecular biology, a reading frame is a way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) molecule into a set of consecutive, non-overlapping triplets. Where these triplets equate to amino acids or stop signals during translation, they are called codons.
A single strand of a nucleic acid molecule has a phosphoryl end, called the 5′-end, and a hydroxyl or 3′-end. These define the 5′→3′ direction. There are three reading frames that can be read in this 5′→3′ direction, each beginning from a different nucleotide in a triplet. In a double stranded nucleic acid, an additional three reading frames may be read from the other, complementary strand in the 5′→3′ direction along this strand. As the two strands of a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule are antiparallel, the 5′→3′ direction on the second strand corresponds to the 3′→5′ direction along the first strand.[1][2]
In general, at the most, one reading frame in a given section of a nucleic acid, is biologically relevant (open reading frame). Some viral transcripts can be translated using multiple, overlapping reading frames. There is one known example of overlapping reading frames in mammalian mitochondrial DNA: coding portions of genes for 2 subunits of ATPase overlap.
An example of a section of DNA translated by a computer in all six possible reading frames. The Open Reading Frames (ORFs) for Gene 1 and 2 are highlighted
^Rainey S, Repka J. "Quantitative sequence and open reading frame analysis based on codon bias" (PDF). Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics. 4 (1): 65–72.
In molecular biology, a readingframe is a way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) molecule into a set of consecutive...
are six possible frame translations. The ORF Finder (Open ReadingFrame Finder) is a graphical analysis tool which finds all open reading frames of a selectable...
steel frame that limits the construction's extent. Frame and FRAME may also refer to: Framing (construction), a building term known as light frame construction...
An upstream open readingframe (uORF) is an open readingframe (ORF) within the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of an mRNA. uORFs can regulate eukaryotic...
A frameshift mutation (also called a framing error or a readingframe shift) is a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number...
counterpart "MDS42". A readingframe is defined by the initial triplet of nucleotides from which translation starts. It sets the frame for a run of successive...
Chromosome X open readingframe 57 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXorf57 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000147231 – Ensembl,...
divisible by 3 in the readingframe will cause subsequent codons to be read differently. This effectively changes the ribosomal readingframe. In this example...
Chromosome 11 open readingframe 80 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C11orf80 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000173715 – Ensembl...
Chromosome 11 open readingframe 91, or C11orf91 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the C11orf91 gene. The C11orf91 gene consists of 5159 nucleotides...
SNRPN upstream readingframe protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNURF gene. This gene encodes a highly basic protein localized to the...
of one gene is read in an alternate readingframe from another gene at the same locus. The alternative open reading frames (ORF) are thought to be created...
opposite strands or the same strand (in a different readingframe, or even the same readingframe). In all organisms, two steps are required to read the...
Chromosome 1 open readingframe 194 (C1orf194) is a gene from Homo sapiens. The function of the protein coded by the gene is still not understood by the...
HBeAg is a hepatitis B viral protein, produced by the HBcAg readingframe. It is an indicator of active viral replication; this means the person infected...
Chromosome 17 open readingframe 67 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C17orf67 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000214226 – Ensembl...
Chromosome 9 open readingframe 135 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C9orf135 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000204711 – Ensembl...
open readingframe 112 C1orf127: encoding protein Chromosome 1 open readingframe 127 C1orf27: encoding protein Chromosome 1 open readingframe 27 C1orf38:...
Chromosome 1 open readingframe 162 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C1orf162 gene. It has been found to be hypomethylated in instances of...
A frame story (also known as a frame tale, frame narrative, sandwich narrative, or intercalation) is a literary technique that serves as a companion piece...
protein Chromosome X open readingframe 57 CXorf40A: Chromosome X open readingframe 40 CXorf49: chromosome X open readingframe 49. encoding protein CXorf66:...
Chromosome 4 open readingframe 50 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C4orf50 gene. The protein localizes in the nucleus. C4orf50 has orthologs...
despite the genetic mutation. Exon skipping is used to restore the readingframe within a gene. Genes are the genetic instructions for creating a protein...
Chromosome 12 open readingframe 71 (c12orf71) is a protein which in humans is encoded by c12orf71 gene. The protein is also known by the alias LOC728858...
Chromosome 20 open readingframe 85, or most commonly known as C20orf85 is a gene that encodes for the C20orf85 Protein (UniProt ID: Q9H1P6) . This gene...
Chromosome 1 open readingframe 112, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C1orf112 gene, and is located at position 1q24.2. C1orf112 encodes...
Self-amplifying mRNA has two open reading frames. The first frame, like conventional mRNA, codes for the antigen of interest. The second frame codes for an RNA-dependent...
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