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Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment is a technique for interpreting sets of genes making use of the Gene Ontology system of classification, in which genes are assigned to a set of predefined bins depending on their functional characteristics. For example, the gene FasR is categorized as being a receptor, involved in apoptosis and located on the plasma membrane.
Researchers performing high-throughput experiments that yield sets of genes (for example, genes that are differentially expressed under different conditions) often want to retrieve a functional profile of that gene set, in order to better understand the underlying biological processes. This can be done by comparing the input gene set with each of the bins (terms) in the GO – a statistical test can be performed for each bin to see if it is enriched for the input genes.
The output of the analysis is typically a ranked list of GO terms, each associated with a p-value.[1]
^Rhee, S. Y.; Wood, V; Dolinski, K; Draghici, S (2008). "Use and misuse of the gene ontology annotations". Nature Reviews Genetics. 9 (7): 509–15. doi:10.1038/nrg2363. PMID 18475267. S2CID 15599098.
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