Exogenous DNA strands (Red and Green) shown inside a cell's nucleus.
Exogenous DNA is DNA originating outside the organism of concern or study.[1] Exogenous DNA can be found naturally in the form of partially degraded fragments left over from dead cells. These DNA fragments may then become integrated into the chromosomes of nearby bacterial cells to undergo mutagenesis.[2] This process of altering bacteria is known as transformation.[3] Bacteria may also undergo artificial transformation through chemical and biological processes. The introduction of exogenous DNA into eukaryotic cells is known as transfection.[4] Exogenous DNA can also be artificially inserted into the genome, which revolutionized the process of genetic modification in animals. By microinjecting an artificial transgene into the nucleus of an animal embryo, the exogenous DNA is allowed to merge the cell's existing DNA to create a genetically modified, transgenic animal.[5] The creation of transgenic animals also leads into the study of altering sperm cells with exogenous DNA.[6]
^"Exogenous DNA definition". groups.molbiosci.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
^Hakansson, Anders P.; Marks, Laura R.; Roche-Hakansson, Hazeline (2015-01-01), Brown, Jeremy; Hammerschmidt, Sven; Orihuela, Carlos (eds.), "Chapter 7 - Pneumococcal Genetic Transformation During Colonization and Biofilm Formation", Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Amsterdam: Academic Press, pp. 129–142, ISBN 978-0-12-410530-0, retrieved 2021-10-28
^Cite error: The named reference :04 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Dorlands Medical Dictionary:transfection". 2009-02-13. Archived from the original on 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
^Pritchett-Corning, Kathleen R.; Landel, Carlisle P. (2015-01-01), Fox, James G.; Anderson, Lynn C.; Otto, Glen M.; Pritchett-Corning, Kathleen R. (eds.), "Chapter 32 - Genetically Modified Animals", Laboratory Animal Medicine (Third Edition), American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Boston: Academic Press, pp. 1417–1440, ISBN 978-0-12-409527-4, retrieved 2021-10-28
^Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
ExogenousDNA is DNA originating outside the organism of concern or study. ExogenousDNA can be found naturally in the form of partially degraded fragments...
the body. DNA introduced to cells via transfection or viral transduction is an exogenous factor. Exogenous factors in DNA, particularly DNA damage, are...
bacterium. Competence refers to a temporary state of being able to take up exogenousDNA from the environment; it may be induced in a laboratory. It appears...
gun or biolistic particle delivery system is a device used to deliver exogenousDNA (transgenes), RNA, or protein to cells. By coating particles of a heavy...
efficiency refers to the ability of a cell to take up and incorporate exogenousDNA, such as plasmids, during a process called transformation. The efficiency...
RNAs produced from the exogenousDNA inserts serve as a template sequence that other Cas proteins use to silence this same exogenous sequence. The transcripts...
Additional DNA damages can arise from exposure to exogenous agents. Tobacco smoke causes increased exogenousDNA damage, and these DNA damages are the...
and polysaccharides, or the induction of ‘competence’ for uptake of exogenousDNA for consumption, with the occasional side-effect that new genetic information...
exogenousDNA from the surrounding environment. Transduction, the virus-mediated transfer of DNA between bacteria. Conjugation, the transfer of DNA from...
involves three principal stages: (1) Uptake of exogenousDNA and transport to the cytoplasm, (2) homologous DNA that has been taken up can integrate into the...
demonstrated by the charity Science for All with the 'Wild DNA' project. Circulating free DNAExogenousDNA Extracellular RNA RNAs present in environmental samples...
targeted DNA damage and repair. HDR employs the use of similar DNA sequences to drive the repair of the break via the incorporation of exogenousDNA to function...
In genetics, crosslinking of DNA occurs when various exogenous or endogenous agents react with two nucleotides of DNA, forming a covalent linkage between...
transformation. Thus S. mitis cells are able to take up exogenousDNA and incorporate exogenous sequence information into their genome by homologous recombination...
Burke DT, Carle GF, Olson MV (May 1987). "Cloning of large segments of exogenousDNA into yeast by means of artificial chromosome vectors". Science. 236...
damage cause by change in single nitrogenous base of DNA Di adduct damage Damage caused by exogenous agents comes in many forms. Some examples are: UV-B...
breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island". PLOS Genetics. 4 (8): e1000155. doi:10...
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food...
exogenousDNA from its surroundings without being forced, and could then, if there are complementary sequences upstream and downstream the exogenous DNA...
could be used to insert exogenousDNA into the chromosome to produce mutant strains. This relies on inserting exogenousDNA and restriction enzymes into...
Upton, P. B.; Nakamura, J.; Starr, T. B. (2011). "Endogenous versus ExogenousDNA Adducts: Their Role in Carcinogenesis, Epidemiology, and Risk Assessment"...
The ability of a cell to successfully incorporate exogenousDNA, or competency, is determined by competence factors. These factors consist of certain...
alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenousDNA from its surroundings. For bacterial transformation to take place, the...
on in 1943 by Avery et al. who showed cellular phenotype change via exogenousDNA exposure. There are a variety of methods available to deliver genes...
same genes are on the Y chromosome. Transgenic mice generated through exogenousDNA microinjection of an embryo's pronucleus are also considered to be hemizygous...
disruptive endogenous and exogenous sources. Eukaryotes have evolved a diverse set of DNA repair processes that remove nuclear DNA damages. These repair processes...
Global Information