Incorporation of exogenous plasmid (purple circle) into cell's DNA (black squiggle) by competence machinery (blue boxes)
The ability of a cell to successfully incorporate exogenous DNA, or competency, is determined by competence factors. These factors consist of certain cell surface proteins and transcription factors that induce the uptake of DNA.[1]
Natural competence is the ability of a cell to bind to and transport extracellular DNA through the membrane and recombine foreign genes into its own DNA through a process called transformation.[2] Horizontal gene transfer is a result of this, where bacterial genes can be transferred amongst same-generation species in a given environment, and competence is the ability of a cell to participate in the transfer. If one cell in a population living in an unfavorable environment has a mutation that results in better survivability, that gene can be passed on to other competent cells to extend the same advantage. Plasmids, commonly used in genetic manipulation, can also be shared through horizontal gene transfer, which is especially relevant in modern medicine concerning the exchange of antibiotic-resistant plasmids.[3]
A cell's competence can be determined by its genetics, which is the case for natural competency, or it can be manipulated in order to achieve artificial competence.
There are two types of competence-inducing pheromones, these are ComX and CSF. ComX is a ten amino acid oligopeptide; it requires two co-components, ComP, an histidine kinase, and ComA, a cytoplasmic response regulator. ComX binds to ComP on the outside of the inner membrane; ComP autophosphorylates and the phosphoric group is transferred to ComA. This activates transcription of genes in the competence pathway. CSF is a five amino acid oligopeptide and is exported via the GSP pathway. CSF enters the cell through oligopeptide permeate and stimulates the competence pathway at low concentrations (1-5 nM); at high concentrations (>20 nM) competence is inhibited and sporulation is stimulated.[2]
^Solomon, J M (1995). "Convergent sensing pathways mediate response to two extracellular competence factors in Bacillus subtilis". Genes & Development. 9 (5): 547–558. doi:10.1101/gad.9.5.547. PMID 7698645. S2CID 44915091. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
^ abWhite, David (December 2, 2011). The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes. James Drummond, Clay Fuqua (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 568–71. ISBN 978-0195393040. OCLC 752472552.
^Domenech, Arnau (8 April 2020). "Proton Motive Force Disruptors Block Bacterial Competence and Horizontal Gene Transfer". Cell Host & Microbe. 27 (4): 544–555. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.002. PMID 32130952. S2CID 212418162.
competency, is determined by competencefactors. These factors consist of certain cell surface proteins and transcription factors that induce the uptake of...
the repair of damaged (mutated) chromosomes. ComX (also known as competencefactor) is a 10-amino acid peptide that is processed from a 55-amino acid...
all other factors that allow one to use one's language in practice. In approaches to linguistics which adopt this distinction, competence would normally...
knowledge. All of these social factors contribute to the development of a person's behavior. The study of social competence began in the early 20th century...
'transforming factor' was pure DNA . This was the first compelling evidence that DNA carries the genetic information of the cell. Since then, natural competence has...
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initiated by intrinsic competencefactor DazL and extrinsic retinoic acid, excreted by the mesonephros. Retinoic acid is the major factor in meiosis, upregulating...
represent himself, or to any evaluation of mitigation factors. The definition of adjudicative competence was provided by the United States Supreme Court in...
examples from Gram-positive bacteria include bacteriocin, subtilin, competencefactor and pediocin. ATP + H2O + protein [side 1] = ADP + phosphate + protein...
first factor loadings are positive, then it is assumed that the data contain only a single factor or a single response pattern. Individual competence values...
William R. "Effective Interest Rate," Paper, Bankakademie Micro Banking Competence Center, 5–6 September 2000. "Amendments to the Mortgage Loan Provisions...
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