Esterified estrogens (EEs), sold under the brand names Estratab and Menest among others, is an estrogen medication which is used hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low sex hormone levels in women, to treat breast cancer in both women and men, and to treat prostate cancer in men.[3][4][5][6][7] It is formulated alone or in combination with methyltestosterone.[3][4] It is taken by mouth.[1]
Side effects of EEs include nausea, breast tension, edema, and breakthrough bleeding among others.[8] It is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol.[5][3][4] EEs are a prodrug mainly of estradiol and to a lesser extent of equilin.[5]
EEs were introduced for medical use by 1970.[9] They are available in only a few countries, such as Chile and the United States.[3] They have also been marketed in Argentina and Switzerland in the past.[3]
^ abSherif K (14 May 2013). Hormone Therapy: A Clinical Handbook. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-1-4614-6268-2.
^"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.
^ abcdeSweetman SC, ed. (2009). "Sex hormones and their modulators". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 2097. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1.
^ abcCite error: The named reference DrugBank was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abcKuhl H (August 2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration". Climacteric. 8 (Suppl 1): 3–63. doi:10.1080/13697130500148875. PMID 16112947. S2CID 24616324.
^Weiner CP, Rope K (2 April 2013). The Complete Guide to Medications During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Everything You Need to Know to Make the Best Choices for You and Your Baby. St. Martin's Press. pp. 179–. ISBN 978-0-312-67646-9.
^Smith NL, Heckbert SR, Lemaitre RN, Reiner AP, Lumley T, Rosendaal FR, Psaty BM (December 2006). "Conjugated equine estrogen, esterified estrogen, prothrombotic variants, and the risk of venous thrombosis in postmenopausal women". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 26 (12): 2807–2812. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000245792.62517.3b. PMID 16973976. S2CID 23850792.
^Wittlinger H (1980). "Clinical Effects of Estrogens". Functional Morphologic Changes in Female Sex Organs Induced by Exogenous Hormones. Springer. pp. 67–71. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-67568-3_10. ISBN 978-3-642-67570-6.
^Cite error: The named reference Northwest1970 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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