Global InformationEmergent virus information
An emergent virus (or emerging virus) is a virus that is either newly appeared, notably increasing in incidence/geographic range or has the potential to increase in the near future.[1] Emergent viruses are a leading cause of emerging infectious diseases and raise public health challenges globally, given their potential to cause outbreaks of disease which can lead to epidemics and pandemics.[2] As well as causing disease, emergent viruses can also have severe economic implications.[3] Recent examples include the SARS-related coronaviruses, which have caused the 2002–2004 outbreak of SARS (SARS-CoV-1) and the 2019–2023 pandemic of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2).[4][5] Other examples include the human immunodeficiency virus, which causes HIV/AIDS; the viruses responsible for Ebola;[6] the H5N1 influenza virus responsible for avian influenza;[7] and H1N1/09, which caused the 2009 swine flu pandemic[8] (an earlier emergent strain of H1N1 caused the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic).[9] Viral emergence in humans is often a consequence of zoonosis, which involves a cross-species jump of a viral disease into humans from other animals. As zoonotic viruses exist in animal reservoirs, they are much more difficult to eradicate and can therefore establish persistent infections in human populations.[10]
Emergent viruses should not be confused with re-emerging viruses or newly detected viruses. A re-emerging virus is generally considered to be a previously appeared virus that is experiencing a resurgence,[1][11] for example measles.[12] A newly detected virus is a previously unrecognized virus that had been circulating in the species as endemic or epidemic infections.[13] Newly detected viruses may have escaped classification because they left no distinctive clues and/or could not be isolated or propagated in cell culture.[14] Examples include human rhinovirus (a leading cause of common colds which was first identified in 1956),[15] hepatitis C (eventually identified in 1989),[16] and human metapneumovirus (first described in 2001, but thought to have been circulating since the 19th century).[17] As the detection of such viruses is technology driven, the number reported is likely to expand.
- ^ a b Holland DJ (February 1998). "Emerging viruses". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 10 (1): 34–40. doi:10.1097/00008480-199802000-00007. PMID 9529635.
- ^ Devaux CA (February 2012). "Emerging and re-emerging viruses: A global challenge illustrated by Chikungunya virus outbreaks". World Journal of Virology. 1 (1): 11–22. doi:10.5501/wjv.v1.i1.11. PMC 3782263. PMID 24175207.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Lindahlwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Morens DM, Fauci AS (September 2020). "Emerging pandemic diseases: how we got to COVID-19". Cell. 182 (5): 1077–1092. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.021. PMC 7428724. PMID 32846157.
- ^ Zheng J (2020). "SARS-CoV-2: an Emerging Coronavirus that Causes a Global Threat". International Journal of Biological Sciences. 16 (10): 1678–1685. doi:10.7150/ijbs.45053. PMC 7098030. PMID 32226285.
- ^ Holmes EC, Dudas G, Rambaut A, Andersen KG (October 2016). "The evolution of Ebola virus: Insights from the 2013-2016 epidemic". Nature. 538 (7624): 193–200. Bibcode:2016Natur.538..193H. doi:10.1038/nature19790. PMC 5580494. PMID 27734858.
- ^ Wei P, Cai Z, Hua J, Yu W, Chen J, Kang K, et al. (2016). "Pains and Gains from China's Experiences with Emerging Epidemics: From SARS to H7N9". BioMed Research International. 2016: 5717108. doi:10.1155/2016/5717108. PMC 4971293. PMID 27525272.
- ^ Smith GJ, Vijaykrishna D, Bahl J, Lycett SJ, Worobey M, Pybus OG, et al. (June 2009). "Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic". Nature. 459 (7250): 1122–5. Bibcode:2009Natur.459.1122S. doi:10.1038/nature08182. PMID 19516283.
- ^ Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006). "1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (1): 15–22. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050979. PMC 3291398. PMID 16494711.
- ^ Eidson M. "Zoonotic disease". Britannica. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ Miquel Porta, ed. (2008). A Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-19-971815-3.
- ^ Fraser-Bell C (2019). "Global Re-emergence of Measles - 2019 update". Global Biosecurity. 1 (3). doi:10.31646/gbio.43. ISSN 2652-0036.
- ^ Woolhouse M, Scott F, Hudson Z, Howey R, Chase-Topping M (October 2012). "Human viruses: discovery and emergence". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 367 (1604): 2864–71. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0354. PMC 3427559. PMID 22966141.
- ^ Leland DS, Ginocchio CC (January 2007). "Role of cell culture for virus detection in the age of technology". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 20 (1): 49–78. doi:10.1128/CMR.00002-06. PMC 1797634. PMID 17223623.
- ^ Kennedy JL, Turner RB, Braciale T, Heymann PW, Borish L (June 2012). "Pathogenesis of rhinovirus infection". Current Opinion in Virology. 2 (3): 287–93. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2012.03.008. PMC 3378761. PMID 22542099.
- ^ Houghton M (November 2009). "The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus". Journal of Hepatology. 51 (5): 939–48. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004. PMID 19781804.
- ^ de Graaf M, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA, Holmes EC (December 2008). "Evolutionary dynamics of human and avian metapneumoviruses". The Journal of General Virology. 89 (Pt 12): 2933–2942. doi:10.1099/vir.0.2008/006957-0. PMID 19008378.