Infectious disease of emerging pathogen, often novel in its outbreak range or transmission mode
For the medical journal, see Emerging Infectious Diseases (journal).
When Anthony Fauci became director of the NIAID, he drew a map of the world for presentation at a congressional hearing that showed a single notable emerging infectious disease threat: HIV. Since then, he has continually updated the map, now showing the emergence of numerous infectious disease threats to illustrate the experiences of his years in office as well as highlighting certain infections that had emerged before HIV.[1]
An emerging infectious disease (EID) is an infectious disease whose incidence has increased recently (in the past 20 years), and could increase in the near future.[2][3] The minority that are capable of developing efficient transmission between humans can become major public and global concerns as potential causes of epidemics or pandemics.[4] Their many impacts can be economic and societal, as well as clinical.[5] EIDs have been increasing steadily since at least 1940.[6]
For every decade since 1940, there has been a consistent increase in the number of EID events from wildlife-related zoonosis. Human activity is the primary driver of this increase, with loss of biodiversity a leading mechanism.[7]
Emerging infections account for at least 12% of all human pathogens.[8] EIDs can be caused by newly identified microbes, including novel species or strains of virus[9] (e.g. novel coronaviruses, ebolaviruses, HIV). Some EIDs evolve from a known pathogen, as occurs with new strains of influenza. EIDs may also result from spread of an existing disease to a new population in a different geographic region, as occurs with West Nile fever outbreaks. Some known diseases can also emerge in areas undergoing ecologic transformation (as in the case of Lyme disease[10]). Others can experience a resurgence as a re-emerging infectious disease, like tuberculosis[11] (following drug resistance) or measles.[12] Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are emerging in hospitals, and are extremely problematic in that they are resistant to many antibiotics.[13] Of growing concern are adverse synergistic interactions between emerging diseases and other infectious and non-infectious conditions leading to the development of novel syndemics.
Many EID are zoonotic,[4] deriving from pathogens present in animals, with only occasional cross-species transmission into human populations.[14] For instance, most emergent viruses are zoonotic[4] (whereas other novel viruses may have been circulating in the species without being recognized, as occurred with hepatitis C[15]).
^Paules CI, Eisinger RW, Marston HD, Fauci AS (2017-12-05). "What Recent History Has Taught Us About Responding to Emerging Infectious Disease Threats". Annals of Internal Medicine. 167 (11): 805–811. doi:10.7326/M17-2496. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 29132162. S2CID 36800971.
^"Emerging Infectious Diseases - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic". www.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 17 October 2018. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020.
^A brief guide to emerging infectious diseases and zoonoses. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. 2014. hdl:10665/204722. ISBN 9789290224587.
^ abcWoolhouse ME, Gowtage-Sequeria S (2005). "Host Range and Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (12): 1842–7. doi:10.3201/eid1112.050997. PMC 3367654. PMID 16485468.
^Morens DM, Fauci AS (2013). "Emerging infectious diseases: threats to human health and global stability". PLOS Pathogens. 9 (7): e1003467. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003467. PMC 3701702. PMID 23853589.
^Jones K (2008). "Global trends in emerging infectious diseases". Nature. 451 (7181): 990–993. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..990J. doi:10.1038/nature06536. PMC 5960580. PMID 18288193.
^Felicia K (2010). "Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases". Nature. 468 (7324): 647–652. Bibcode:2010Natur.468..647K. doi:10.1038/nature09575. PMC 7094913. PMID 21124449.
^Taylor L., et al. (2001). "Risk factors for human disease emergence". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 356 (1411): 983–9. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0888. PMC 1088493. PMID 11516376.
^Fauci AS (2005). "Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases: the perpetual challenge". Academic Medicine. 80 (12): 1079–85. doi:10.1097/00001888-200512000-00002. PMID 16306276. S2CID 17293745.
^Kilpatrick AM, Dobson AD, Levi T, et al. (2017). "Lyme disease ecology in a changing world: consensus, uncertainty and critical gaps for improving control". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 372 (1722): 20160117. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0117. PMC 5413869. PMID 28438910.
^Miquel Porta, Sander Greenland, Miguel Hernán, Isabel dos Santos Silva, John M. Last, eds. (2014). A Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-997673-7.
^Fraser-bell C (2019). "Global Re-emergence of Measles - 2019 update". Global Biosecurity. 1 (3). doi:10.31646/gbio.43. ISSN 2652-0036.
^Witte W (1997). "Increasing incidence and widespread dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitals in central Europe, with special reference to German hospitals". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 3 (4): 414–22. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00277.x. PMID 11864151.
^"The 2019–2020 Novel Coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Pandemic: A Joint American College of Academic International Medicine‑World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine Multidisciplinary COVID-19 Working Group Consensus Paper". ResearchGate. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
^Houghton M (November 2009). "The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus". Journal of Hepatology. 51 (5): 939–48. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004. PMID 19781804.
and 25 Related for: Emerging infectious disease information
use of Nanotrap particles for biodefense and emerginginfectiousdisease diagnostics". Pathogens and Disease. 71 (2): 164–176. doi:10.1111/2049-632X.12136...
Infectious bursal disease (IBD), also known as Gumboro disease, infectious bursitis, and infectious avian nephrosis, is a highly contagious disease of...
Biodefense and EmergingInfectiousDiseases (BioD) The goals of this mission area are to better understand how these deliberately emerging (i.e., intentionally...
This is a list of infectiousdiseases arranged by name, along with the infectious agents that cause them, the vaccines that can prevent or cure them when...
tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectiousdisease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an illness...
The National EmergingInfectiousDiseases Laboratories (NEIDL), is a biosciences facility of Boston University located on Albany street, within the clinical...
ecological interactions and disease evolution. New emerging and re-emerginginfectiousdiseases (infecting both wildlife and humans) are increasing at unprecedented...
Conference on EmergingInfectiousDiseases is a conference for public health professionals on the subject of emerginginfectiousdiseases. From CDC page...
for outbreaks of emerginginfectiousdiseases & toxins, open to all sources. ProMED-mail, the Program for Monitoring EmergingDiseases, is a program of...
epidemics and pandemics caused by an infectiousdisease. Widespread non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer are not included. An...
Vaccine protects animals against tick-borne Powassan virus, an emerginginfectiousdisease". Choi H, Kudchodkar SB, Ho M, Reuschel EL, Reynolds E, Xu Z...
Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectiousdiseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus. Common symptoms include...
daily news updates on emerginginfectiousdiseases, such as pandemic influenza, bioterrorism, food safety, avian influenza, and emerging topics. Along with...
influenza (PI) and emerginginfectiousdiseases (EID). One of BARDA's key activities includes the Influenza and EmergingInfectiousDiseases Division. This...
ˌzoʊəˈnoʊsɪs/; plural zoonoses) or zoonotic disease is an infectiousdisease of humans caused by a pathogen (an infectious agent, such as a bacterium, virus, parasite...
Lab Gets Green Light". Retrieved 30 December 2018. "National EmergingInfectiousDiseases Laboratories: About – Mission and Safety". Boston University...
Nelson L. Michael is an American infectiousdisease researcher. He has served for nearly 30 years in the United States Army and been directly involved...
The United States Army Medical Research Institute of InfectiousDiseases (USAMRIID; /juːˈsæmrɪd/) is the U.S Army's main institution and facility for...
Disease is described as a decrease in performance of normal functions of an individual caused by many factors, which is not limited to infectious agents...
Human infectiousdiseases may be characterized by their case fatality rate (CFR), the proportion of people diagnosed with a disease who die from it (cf...
leading cause of emerginginfectiousdiseases and raise public health challenges globally, given their potential to cause outbreaks of disease which can lead...
Global Information