Non-penetrative symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant
Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, showing root tips with fungal mycelium from the genus Amanita
An ectomycorrhiza (from Greek ἐκτός ektos, "outside", μύκης mykes, "fungus", and ῥίζα rhiza, "root"; pl. ectomycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizae, abbreviated EcM) is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont, or mycobiont, and the roots of various plant species. The mycobiont is often from the phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, and more rarely from the Zygomycota.[1] Ectomycorrhizas form on the roots of around 2% of plant species,[1] usually woody plants, including species from the birch, dipterocarp, myrtle, beech, willow, pine and rose families.[2] Research on ectomycorrhizas is increasingly important in areas such as ecosystem management and restoration, forestry and agriculture.
Unlike other mycorrhizal relationships, such as arbuscular mycorrhiza and ericoid mycorrhiza, ectomycorrhizal fungi do not penetrate their host's cell walls. Instead they form an entirely intercellular interface known as the Hartig net, consisting of highly branched hyphae forming a latticework between epidermal and cortical root cells.
Ectomycorrhizas are further differentiated from other mycorrhizas by the formation of a dense hyphal sheath, known as the mantle, surrounding the root surface.[3] This sheathing mantle can be up to 40 μm thick, with hyphae extending up to several centimeters into the surrounding soil. The hyphal network helps the plant to take up nutrients including water and minerals, often helping the host plant to survive adverse conditions.[2] In exchange, the fungal symbiont is provided with access to carbohydrates.
Although samples of ectomycorrhizas are usually taken from the surface horizon due to higher root density, ectomycorrhizas are known to occur in deep tree roots (a depth more than 2 meters), some occurring at least as deep as 4 meters.[4]
Well known EcM fungal fruiting bodies include the economically important and edible truffle (Tuber) and the deadly death caps and destroying angels (Amanita).
^ abTedersoo, Leho; May, Tom W.; Smith, Matthew E. (2010). "Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages" (PDF). Mycorrhiza. 20 (4): 217–263. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0274-x. PMID 20191371. S2CID 3351967. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
^ abSmith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (26 July 2010). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-055934-6.
^Hock, Bertold (2012). Fungal Associations. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-30826-0.
^Robin, Agnès; Pradier, Céline; Sanguin, Hervé (16 November 2019). "How deep can ectomycorrhizas go? A case study on Pisolithus down to 4 meters in a Brazilian eucalypt plantation". Mycorrhiza. 29 (6): 637–648. doi:10.1007/s00572-019-00917-y. PMID 31732817. S2CID 208042529. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
An ectomycorrhiza (from Greek ἐκτός ektos, "outside", μύκης mykes, "fungus", and ῥίζα rhiza, "root"; pl. ectomycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizae, abbreviated...
mycorrhiza and resembles ectomycorrhiza, both functionally and in terms of the fungi involved. It differs from ectomycorrhiza in that some hyphae actually...
"Global Patterns of Gene Regulation Associated with the Development of Ectomycorrhiza Between Birch ( Betula pendula Roth.) and Paxillus involutus (Batsch)...
curve method for factoring integers European Congress of Mathematics Ectomycorrhiza Electron cloud model Engineered Cellular Magmatics Erythema chronicum...
branching. They usually form monopodial (unbranched) ectomycorrhizas. The mantles of C. geophilum ectomycorrhizas are usually thick with few to many emanating...
for exploitation by plant hosts by funneling water and nutrients to ectomycorrhizas, complex fungal organs on the tips of plant roots. Hyphae are found...
with ericoid mycorrhiza and orchid mycorrhiza (not to be confused with ectomycorrhiza). They are characterized by the formation of unique tree-like structures...
grazing. In addition, it can form both ectomycorrhizas and arbuscular mycorrhizas. More than 200 ectomycorrhiza-forming fungal species belonging to 40...
roots allow easy attachment to fungi hyphae, such as can be seen in ectomycorrhiza. Since it is not dependent on sunlight to grow, it can grow in very...
mycorrhizal symbioses like arbuscular mycorrhiza, formed by AM fungi, and ectomycorrhiza, formed by EM fungi. These are very common, occurring in 90% of terrestrial...
eaten but arguably toxic fungus of the genus Tricholoma that forms ectomycorrhiza with pine trees. Known as Grünling in German, gąska zielonka in Polish...
are a group of organisms that form symbiotic associations with both ectomycorrhiza and arbuscular mycorrhiza. MHBs are diverse and belong to a wide variety...
ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8. Smith M. (2014). "A new hypogeous Peziza species that forms ectomycorrhizas with Quercus in California". North American Fungi. 9 (4): 1–10. doi:10...
of orchid mycorrhizae. The fungi involved include those that form ectomycorrhizas with trees and other woody plants, parasites such as Armillaria, and...
Salleo; Melvin T. Tyree; Moreno Vertovec (2000), "Influence of the ectomycorrhizas formed by Tuber melanosporum Vitt. on hydraulic conductance and water...
mycelium) is the collection of filamentous fungal hyphae emanating from ectomycorrhizas. It may be composed of fine, hydrophilic hypha which branches frequently...
trees, where it receives nutrients for its growth, participating in ectomycorrhiza with the roots of its host plant. The top of the pileus is an orange-reddish...
of the world since the late twentieth century, A. phalloides forms ectomycorrhizas with various broadleaved trees. In some cases, the death cap has been...
large roots spreading out in all directions. European beech forms ectomycorrhizas with a range of fungi including many Russula species, as well as Laccaria...
cortical cells of the root. Later, more precise divisions included ectomycorrhiza, arbuscular mycorrhiza, ericoid mycorrhiza, orchid mycorrhiza, arbutoid...
AW; Binder, M; Hibbett, DS (2012). "Diversity and evolution of the ectomycorrhiza host associations in the Sclerodermatineae (Boletales, Basidiomycota)"...
chromospermus is found in Miombo woodland, where it probably forms ectomycorrhiza with legumes of the genus Brachystegia. It seems to be a rare species;...
mycorrhizae exist: Arbuscula: found in non-woody and tropical plants Ectomycorrhiza: found in boreal and temperate forests Ericoid: found in species of...
infection in epidermal cells, rhizomorphs and extramatrical hyphae. These ectomycorrhiza-like structures are formed on first-order lateral roots but are morphologically...
PMID 15891858. S2CID 3102834. Lehto, Tarja; Zwiazek, Janusz J. (2010). "Ectomycorrhizas and water relations of trees: a review". Mycorrhiza. 21 (2): 71–90...
Molina, Randy (June 1997). "Effects of soil trenching on occurrence of ectomycorrhizas on Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings grown in mature forests of Betula...
often found on spruce roots, it is also a possibility that they form ectomycorrhiza, but their nutritional mode has not been adequately studied to conclude...
Global Information