A fluorescent microscopy image of a fungal arbuscule stained with WGA and Alexa FluorVesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae in the terminal roots of Horse Gram plantBilayered glomoid spore of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the root of Horse Gram
An arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) (plural mycorrhizae) is a type of mycorrhiza in which the symbiont fungus (AM fungi, or AMF) penetrates the cortical cells of the roots of a vascular plant forming arbuscules. Arbuscular mycorrhiza is a type of endomycorrhiza along with ericoid mycorrhiza and orchid mycorrhiza (not to be confused with ectomycorrhiza). They are characterized by the formation of unique tree-like structures, the arbuscules.[1] In addition, globular storage structures called vesicles are often encountered.
Arbuscular mycorrhizae are formed by fungi in the subphylum Glomeromycotina. This subphylum, along with the Mortierellomycotina, and Mucoromycotina, form the phylum Mucoromycota, a sister clade of the more well-known and diverse dikaryan fungi.[2]
AM fungi help plants to capture nutrients such as phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen and micronutrients from the soil. It is believed that the development of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis played a crucial role in the initial colonisation of land by plants and in the evolution of the vascular plants.[3]
It has been said that it is quicker to list the plants that do not form endomycorrhizae than those that do.[4] This symbiosis is a highly evolved mutualistic relationship found between fungi and plants, the most prevalent plant symbiosis known,[5] and AMF is found in 80% of vascular plant families in existence today.[6]
Previously this type of mycorrhizal associations were called 'Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM)', but since some members of these fungi do not produce any vesicles, such as the members of Gigasporaceae; the term has been changed to 'Arbuscular Mycorrhizae' to include them.[7][8]
Advances in research on mycorrhizal physiology and ecology since the 1970s have led to a greater understanding of the multiple roles of AMF in the ecosystem. An example is the important contribution of the glue-like protein glomalin to soil structure (see below). This knowledge is applicable to human endeavors of ecosystem management, ecosystem restoration, and agriculture.
^Spatafora, Joseph W.; Chang, Ying; Benny, Gerald L.; Lazarus, Katy; Smith, Matthew E.; Berbee, Mary L.; Bonito, Gregory; Corradi, Nicolas; Grigoriev, Igor; Gryganskyi, Andrii; James, Timothy Y.; O'Donnell, Kerry; Roberson, Robert W.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Uehling, Jessie (2016). "A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data". Mycologia. 108 (5): 1028–1046. doi:10.3852/16-042. ISSN 0027-5514. PMC 6078412. PMID 27738200.
^Brundrett, M.C. (2002). "Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants". New Phytologist. 154 (2): 275–304. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00397.x. PMID 33873429.
^Barbour, M.G.; Burk, J.H.; Pitts, W.D. (1980). Terrestrial plant ecology. Frontiers in Physics. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8053-0540-1.
^Simon, L.; Bousquet, J.; Levesque, C.; Lalonde, M. (1993). "Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants". Nature. 363 (6424): 67–69. Bibcode:1993Natur.363...67S. doi:10.1038/363067a0. S2CID 4319766.
^Schüßler, A.; et al. (2001). "A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution". Mycol. Res. 105 (12): 1413–1421. doi:10.1017/S0953756201005196.
^Moore, David; Robson, Geoffrey D.; Trinci, Anthony P. J. (2020), 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi, doi:10.1017/9781108776387, ISBN 9781108776387
^Smith, Sally A; Read, David (2008), "2 - Colonization of roots and anatomy of arbuscular mycorrhizas", Mycorrhizal Symbiosis (Third ed.): 42–90, doi:10.1016/B978-012370526-6.50004-0, ISBN 9780123705266
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An arbuscularmycorrhiza (AM) (plural mycorrhizae) is a type of mycorrhiza in which the symbiont fungus (AM fungi, or AMF) penetrates the cortical cells...
includes arbuscular, ericoid, and orchid mycorrhiza, while arbutoid mycorrhizas can be classified as ectoendomycorrhizas. Monotropoid mycorrhizas form a...
woody-species, and have less implications for agricultural systems. Arbuscularmycorrhiza (AM) has received attention as a potential agriculture amendment...
of spores, hyphae or fragments of roots colonized by the fungus Arbuscularmycorrhiza (AM) fungi were thought to have propagated clonally for over 500...
discussed above is almost identical to that observed in arbuscularmycorrhiza and ericoid mycorrhiza, but when it comes to arguably the most fundamental element...
agriculture. Unlike other mycorrhizal relationships, such as arbuscularmycorrhiza and ericoid mycorrhiza, ectomycorrhizal fungi do not penetrate their host's...
Mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB) are a group of organisms that form symbiotic associations with both ectomycorrhiza and arbuscularmycorrhiza. MHBs are...
2–3 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 in) long. Like other Aloe species, Aloe vera forms arbuscularmycorrhiza, a root symbiosis that allows the plant better access to mineral...
molecule. Strigolactones are known to stimulate the germination of arbuscularmycorrhiza spores. Since they produce this effect at extremely low concentrations...
Symbiotic fungi and root hairs produce mycorrhizal symbioses like arbuscularmycorrhiza, formed by AM fungi, and ectomycorrhiza, formed by EM fungi. These...
excess phosphorus, getting all that they need from associations with Arbuscularmycorrhiza. Examples of plants that are intolerant of the application of superphosphate...
approximately 230 described species. Members of the Glomeromycota form arbuscularmycorrhizas (AMs) with the thalli of bryophytes and the roots of vascular land...
is a species of fungus in the family Acaulosporaceae. It forms arbuscularmycorrhiza and vesicles in roots. Found in Colombia in soil with native grasses...
is a species of fungus in the family Acaulosporaceae. It forms arbuscularmycorrhiza and vesicles in roots. Singh, Pradeep Kumar (2015-04-01). "In Vitro...
is a species of fungus in the family Acaulosporaceae. It forms arbuscularmycorrhiza and vesicles in roots. Found in Mexico in soil associated with sugarcane...
O-methylated isoflavones formononetin and biochanin A play a role in arbuscularmycorrhiza formation on white clover roots, and foliar disease can stimulate...
tested plant health with and without beneficial fungus known as Arbuscularmycorrhiza (AM), and saw that Plantago lanceolata with beneficial fungus produce...
belmoreana is partially a result of difference in arbuscularmycorrhiza based on soil types. The levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were significantly lower...
one is root nodule symbiosis by Rhizobia (RN-type) and another is ArbuscularMycorrhiza (AM-type). There are common genes involved in between these two...
ISSN 0140-7791. PMID 21118424. Hodge, Angela; Storer, Kate (2015-01-01). "Arbuscularmycorrhiza and nitrogen: implications for individual plants through to ecosystems"...
also dug up pits for harvesting rainwater." In 2022, treatment for arbuscularmycorrhiza was suggested by the Big Banyan Tree Committee, formed to ensure...
family of fungi in the order Diversisporales. These fungi form arbuscularmycorrhiza and vesicles in roots. Symanczik S, Błaszkowski J, Chwat G, Boller...
from the soil; this process is carried out via mycorrhiza (ex. Arbuscularmycorrhiza) . Arbuscularmycorrhiza mobilize phosphate by penetrating and increasing...
26. ISBN 9780081018804. Kumar, P. and Harshavardhan, M., 2020. ArbuscularMycorrhiza Fungi and Polyamines in Mitigation of Rhizosphere Salts: With Special...
is a species of fungus in the family Acaulosporaceae. It forms arbuscularmycorrhiza and vesicles in roots. Beilby, J. P. (1980-11-01). "Fatty acid and...
is a species of fungus in the family Acaulosporaceae. It forms arbuscularmycorrhiza and vesicles in roots. Found in Colombia in soil with native grasses...
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