Combination of major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder
Double depression refers to the co-existence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and persistent depressive disorder (PDD), the latter previously referred to as dysthymia. Research has shown that double depression tends to be more severe than either MDD or PDD alone and that individuals with double depression experience relapse more often than those with either MDD or PDD alone.[1][2] However, there is some research that indicates few differences exist between double depression, MDD, and PDD; as a result, those researchers conclude that double depression is not a distinct disorder.[3][4]
The literature that details the pharmaceutical treatment of double depression is sparse. Although there are studies that demonstrate that certain medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are effective methods of treatment, those studies lack placebo controls; therefore, the studies' conclusions are questionable.[5][6][7]
Research has found that, as is the case with other depressive disorders, pharmaceutical and therapeutic treatments combined are more effective than the use of either form of treatment alone.[8] Individuals with double depression tend to experience more functional impairment than those with either MDD or PDD alone.[9] As a result, researchers emphasize the need for unique treatments for double depression to be developed and implemented.[10]
^ Levitt, A.; Joffe, R.; MacDonald, C. (1991). "Life course of depressive-illness and characteristics of current episode in patients with double depression". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 179 (11): 678–682. doi:10.1097/00005053-199111000-00005. PMID 1940891. S2CID 23650791.
^Joiner, T.; Cook, J.; Hersen, M.; Gordon, K. (2007). "Double depression in older adult psychiatric outpatients: Hopelessness as a defining feature". Journal of Affective Disorders. 101 (1–3): 235–238. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.03.019. PMID 17475340.
^Miller, I.; Norman, W.; Dow, M. (1986). "Psychosocial characteristics of "double depression". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 143 (8): 1042–1044. doi:10.1176/ajp.143.8.1042. PMID 3728722.
^ McCullough, J.; Klein, D.; Keller, M.; Holzer, C.; Davis, S.; Kornstein, S.; Harrison, W. (2000). "Comparison of DSM-III-R chronic major depression and major depression superimposed on dysthymia (Double depression): Validity of the distinction". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 109 (3): 419–427. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.419. PMID 11016111.
^Hirschfeld, Robert M. A.; Russell, James M.; Delgado, Pedro L.; Fawcett, Jan; Friedman, Richard A.; Harrison, Wilma M.; Koran, Lorrin M.; Miller, Ivan W.; Thase, Michael E.; Howland, Robert H.; Connolly, Margaret A.; Miceli, Robert J. (1998). "Predictors of Response to Acute Treatment of Chronic and Double Depression with Sertraline or Imipramine". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 59 (12): 669–675. doi:10.4088/JCP.v59n1205. PMID 9921701.
^Koran, Lorrin M.; Aboujaoude, Elias N.; Gamel, Nona N. (2007). "Duloxetine Treatment of Dysthymia and Double Depression". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 68 (5): 761–765. doi:10.4088/JCP.v68n0514. PMID 17503986.
^Marin, D.; Kocsis, J.; Frances, A.; Parides, M. (1994). "Desipramine for the treatment of "pure" dysthymia versus "double" depression". American Journal of Psychiatry. 151 (7): 1079–1080. doi:10.1176/ajp.151.7.1079. PMID 8010368.
^Miller, Ivan W.; Norman, William H.; Keitner, Gabor I. (1999). "Combined Treatment for Patients with Double Depression". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 68 (4): 180–185. doi:10.1159/000012330. PMID 10396008. S2CID 483107.
^Leader, Julie B.; Klein, Daniel N. (1996). "Social adjustment in dysthymia, double depression and episodic major depression". Journal of Affective Disorders. 37 (2–3): 91–101. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(95)00076-3. PMID 8731071.
^Klein, Daniel N.; Shankman, Stewart A.; Rose, Suzanne (2008). "Dysthymic disorder and double depression: Prediction of 10-year course trajectories and outcomes". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 42 (5): 408–415. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.01.009. PMC 2276359. PMID 17466334.
Doubledepression refers to the co-existence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and persistent depressive disorder (PDD), the latter previously referred...
depression occurs on top of dysthymia, the state is called "doubledepression." Doubledepression occurs when a person experiences a major depressive episode...
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low...
The Great Depression (1929–1939) was a severe global economic downturn that affected many countries across the world. It became evident after a sharp decline...
Psychotic depression, also known as depressive psychosis, is a major depressive episode that is accompanied by psychotic symptoms. It can occur in the...
(alternatively known as clinical depression, unipolar depression, or major depression); and moods which cycle between mania and depression, known as bipolar disorder...
The Long Depression was a worldwide price and economic recession, beginning in 1873 and running either through March 1879, or 1896, depending on the metrics...
Atypical depression is defined in the DSM-IV as depression that shares many of the typical symptoms of major depressive disorder or dysthymia but is characterized...
Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood...
Management of depression is the treatment of depression that may involve a number of different therapies: medications, behavior therapy, psychotherapy...
In the United States, the Great Depression began with the Wall Street Crash of October 1929 and then spread worldwide. The nadir came in 1931–1933, and...
common with other Brush vehicles, control was by a double-depression foot pedal, where the first depression gave two stages of control with the two-halves...
Historic Places in 1979. Also at the location are Depression Era Work Relief Construction Features at Double Ditch Indian Village Site State Historic Site...
This is a list of economic crises and depressions. Financial crisis of 33 The result of the mass issuance of unsecured loans by main Roman banking houses...
In several double-blind studies, sertraline was consistently more effective than placebo for dysthymia, a more chronic variety of depression, and comparable...
White's defense was that he suffered diminished capacity as a result of his depression, a symptom of which was a change in diet from healthy food to Twinkies...
The causes of the Great Depression in the early 20th century in the United States have been extensively discussed by economists and remain a matter of...
researchers believe that antidepressants are not effective for the treatment of depression and only outperform placebos due to systematic error. These researchers...
Escitalopram on depression, subjective sleep and emotional experiences in patients with major depressive disorder: a 24-wk randomized, controlled, double-blind...
effective antidepressants, especially for treatment-resistant depression and atypical depression. They are also used to treat panic disorder, social anxiety...
induction and maintenance of anesthesia. It is also used as a treatment for depression and pain management. It is a novel compound that was derived from phencyclidine...
Saint-Gaudens double eagle were minted in 1933 in the midst of the Great Depression, none were ever officially circulated, and all but two were ordered to...
and Hurricane Tammy made landfall on Barbuda. Also that month, Tropical Depression Twenty‑One made landfall in Nicaragua. With Tammy's dissipation on October 28...
Global Information