This article is about the severe worldwide economic downturn in the 1930s. For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation).
Unemployed people lined up outside a soup kitchen in Chicago.
The Great Depression (1929–1939) was a severe global economic downturn that affected many countries across the world. It became evident after a sharp decline in stock prices in the United States, leading to a period of economic depression.[1] The economic contagion began around September 1929 and led to the Wall Street stock market crash of 24 October (Black Thursday). This crisis marked the start of a prolonged period of economic hardship characterized by high unemployment rates and widespread business failures.[2]
Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide gross domestic product (GDP) fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession.[3] Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries,[specify] the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. Devastating effects were seen in both rich and poor countries with falling personal income, prices, tax revenues, and profits. International trade fell by more than 50%, unemployment in the U.S. rose to 23% and in some countries rose as high as 33%.[4] Cities around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%.[5][6][7] Faced with plummeting demand and few job alternatives, areas dependent on primary sector industries suffered the most.[8]
Economic historians usually consider the catalyst of the Great Depression to be the devastating Wall Street Crash. However, some dispute this, seeing the crash less as a cause of the Depression and more a symptom of the rising nervousness of investors partly due to gradual price declines caused by falling sales of consumer goods (as a result of overproduction because of new production techniques, falling exports and income inequality, among other factors) that had already been underway as part of a gradual depression.[4][9]
^John A. Garraty, The Great Depression (1986)
^Duhigg, Charles (23 March 2008). "Depression, You Say? Check Those Safety Nets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
^Roger Lowenstein, "History Repeating", Wall Street Journal Jan 14, 2015 Archived 6 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
^ abFrank, Robert H.; Bernanke, Ben S. (2007). Principles of Macroeconomics (3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-07-319397-7.
^"Commodity Data". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
^Cochrane, Willard W. (1958). Farm Prices, Myth and Reality. p. 15.
^"World Economic Survey 1932–33". League of Nations: 43.
^Mitchell, Depression Decade
^"Great Depression" Archived 9 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica
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