Estimating dates of composition for parts of the Bible
This article is about the composition of the text of the Bible. For the events described in the Hebrew Bible, see Chronology of the Bible. For the events in the Gospels, see Chronology of Jesus.
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The oldest surviving Hebrew Bible manuscripts, the Dead Sea Scrolls, date to c. the 2nd century BCE. Some of these scrolls are presently stored at the Shrine of the Book in Jerusalem. The oldest text of the entire Bible, including the New Testament, is the Codex Sinaiticus dating from the 4th century CE, with its Old Testament a copy of a Greek translation known as the Septuagint. The oldest extant manuscripts of the vocalized Masoretic Text date to the 9th century CE.[1] With the exception of a few biblical sections in the Nevi'im, virtually no biblical text is contemporaneous with the events it describes.[2]
Internal evidence within the texts of the 27-book New Testament canon suggests that most of these books were written in the 1st century CE. The first book written is thought to be either the Epistle to the Galatians (written around 48 CE)[3] or 1 Thessalonians, written around 50 CE.[4] The final book in the ordering of the canon, the Book of Revelation, is generally accepted by traditional scholarship to have been written during the reign of Domitian (81–96).[5][6] Dating the composition of the texts relies primarily on internal evidence, including direct references to historical events—textual criticism of philological and linguistic evidence provides more subjective indications.
^
Evans, Craig A. (October 2008). "Introduction". In Evans, Craig A.; Tov, Emanuel (eds.). Exploring the Origins of the Bible: Canon Formation in Historical, Literary, and Theological Perspective. Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology. Baker Academic (published 2008). ISBN 9781585588145. Retrieved 2015-05-16. The oldest Masoretic manuscripts date from the late ninth century BCE (e.g., Codex Cairensis [C] on the Prophets).
^Bernstein 1996, p. 134
^Powell 2018, p. 327.
^Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament, Anchor Bible, 1997. pp. 456-466.
^Mounce, Robert H. (1998). The Book of Revelation. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-8028-2537-7.
^Stuckenbruck, Loren T. (2003). "Revelation". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. pp. 1535–1536. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0.
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