Personality model consisting of five broad dimensions
The Big Five personality traits
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The Big Five personality traits, sometimes known as "the five-factor model of personality" or "OCEAN model", are a grouping of five unique characteristics used to study personality.
It was first developed in the 1980s in the field of psychological trait theory. In the 1990s, the theory identified five factors. which may each be further divided into two distinct values:[1]
openness to experience (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious)
conscientiousness (efficient/organized vs. extravagant/careless)
extraversion (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved)
agreeableness (friendly/compassionate vs. critical/judgmental)
neuroticism (sensitive/nervous vs. resilient/confident)
When factor analysis is applied to personality survey data, semantic associations between aspects of personality and specific terms are often applied to the same person. For example, someone described as conscientious is more likely to be described as "always prepared" rather than "messy". These associations suggest five broad dimensions used in common language to describe the human personality, temperament, and psyche.[2][3]
Those labels for the five factors may be remembered using the acronyms "OCEAN" or "CANOE". Beneath each proposed global factor, there are a number of correlated and more specific primary factors. For example, extraversion is typically associated with qualities such as gregariousness, assertiveness, excitement-seeking, warmth, activity, and positive emotions.[4] These traits are not black and white; each one is treated as a spectrum.[5]
^Roccas, Sonia; Sagiv, Lilach; Schwartz, Shalom H.; Knafo, Ariel (2002). "The Big Five Personality Factors and Personal Values". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 28 (6): 789–801. doi:10.1177/0146167202289008. S2CID 144611052.
^Goldberg LR (January 1993). "The structure of phenotypic personality traits". American Psychologist. 48 (1): 26–34. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.1.26. PMID 8427480. S2CID 20595956.
^Matthews G, Deary IJ, Whiteman MC (2003). Personality Traits(PDF) (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83107-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-05.
^Cite error: The named reference :18 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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