For the use of clonal selection in general horticulture, see Clonal (plant). For the use of clonal selection in viticulture, see Propagation of grapevines.
Clonal selection theory of lymphocytes: 1) A hematopoietic stem cell undergoes differentiation and genetic rearrangement to produce 2) immature lymphocytes with many different antigen receptors. Those that bind to 3) antigens from the body's own tissues are destroyed, while the rest mature into 4) inactive lymphocytes. Most of these never encounter a matching 5) foreign antigen, but those that do are activated and produce 6) many clones of themselves.
In immunology, clonal selection theory explains the functions of cells of the immune system (lymphocytes) in response to specific antigens invading the body. The concept was introduced by Australian doctor Frank Macfarlane Burnet in 1957, in an attempt to explain the great diversity of antibodies formed during initiation of the immune response.[1][2] The theory has become the widely accepted model for how the human immune system responds to infection and how certain types of B and T lymphocytes are selected for destruction of specific antigens.[3]
The theory states that in a pre-existing group of lymphocytes (both B and T cells), a specific antigen activates (i.e. selects) only its counter-specific cell, which then induces that particular cell to multiply, producing identical clones for antibody production. This activation occurs in secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen and the lymph nodes.[4] In short, the theory is an explanation of the mechanism for the generation of diversity of antibody specificity.[5] The first experimental evidence came in 1958, when Gustav Nossal and Joshua Lederberg showed that one B cell always produces only one antibody.[6] The idea turned out to be the foundation of molecular immunology, especially in adaptive immunity.[7]
^Burnet, FM (1976). "A modification of Jerne's theory of antibody production using the concept of clonal selection". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 26 (2): 119–21. doi:10.3322/canjclin.26.2.119. PMID 816431. S2CID 40609269.
^Cohn, Melvin; Av Mitchison, N.; Paul, William E.; Silverstein, Arthur M.; Talmage, David W.; Weigert, Martin (2007). "Reflections on the clonal-selection theory". Nature Reviews Immunology. 7 (10): 823–830. doi:10.1038/nri2177. PMID 17893695. S2CID 24741671.
^Rajewsky, Klaus (1996). "Clonal selection and learning in the antibody system". Nature. 381 (6585): 751–758. Bibcode:1996Natur.381..751R. doi:10.1038/381751a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 8657279. S2CID 4279640.
^Murphy, Kenneth (2012). Janeway's Immunobiology 8th Edition. New York, NY: Garland Science. ISBN 9780815342434.
^Jordan, Margaret A; Baxter, Alan G (2007). "Quantitative and qualitative approaches to GOD: the first 10 years of the clonal selection theory". Immunology and Cell Biology. 86 (1): 72–79. doi:10.1038/sj.icb.7100140. PMID 18040281. S2CID 19122290.
^Nossal, G. J. V.; Lederberg, Joshua (1958). "Antibody Production by Single Cells". Nature. 181 (4620): 1419–1420. Bibcode:1958Natur.181.1419N. doi:10.1038/1811419a0. PMC 2082245. PMID 13552693.
^Medzhitov, R. (2013). "Pattern Recognition Theory and the Launch of Modern Innate Immunity". The Journal of Immunology. 191 (9): 4473–4474. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1302427. PMID 24141853.
In immunology, clonalselection theory explains the functions of cells of the immune system (lymphocytes) in response to specific antigens invading the...
In artificial immune systems, clonalselection algorithms are a class of algorithms inspired by the clonalselection theory of acquired immunity that explains...
disease. While a clonal human blastocyst has been created, stem cell lines are yet to be isolated from a clonal source. Therapeutic cloning is achieved by...
cells, making it a type of negative selection. Ultimately, clonal deletion plays a role in central tolerance. Clonal deletion can help protect individuals...
Talmage and Burnet (who largely modified the theory)—gave rise to the clonalselection theory, which proved all the elements of Ehrlich's hypothesis except...
pre-existing clones of lymphocytes, which expand in response to specific antigen (process called "clonalselection"). This specific clonal army then combats...
Look up clonal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Clonal may refer to: Clonal interference, a phenomenon that occurs when two (or more) beneficial mutations...
predicting acquired immune tolerance and he developed the theory of clonalselection. Burnet received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the University...
recognize that antigen are activated and expanded, a process known as clonalselection. In most cases, antibodies are antigen-specific, meaning that an antibody...
mammalian adaptive immune system. Clonalselection algorithm: A class of algorithms inspired by the clonalselection theory of acquired immunity that explains...
receptors are produced through a process known as clonalselection. According to the clonalselection theory, at birth, an animal randomly generates a...
algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA). Genetic...
Cultivars of saffron are nevertheless produced by a number of means: Clonalselection. Any plant with a desirable mutation is kept and further grown. This...
successes of fellow Nobel laureate Frank MacFarlane Burnet and his clonalselection theory (CST) of acquired antigen immunity by differential amplification...
Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonalselection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory...
for parameter selection were devised by Storn et al. and Liu and Lampinen. Mathematical convergence analysis regarding parameter selection was done by Zaharie...
is used for all decision variables or each has its own step size. Mate selection to produce λ {\displaystyle \lambda } offspring is random, i.e. independent...
different sensitivities to cytotoxic drugs among different clonal populations. This is attributed to clonal interactions that may inhibit or alter therapeutic...
site and clonalselection was less than ideal and, like California and Australia, recent endeavors have focused on finding the best clones to use and...
blue-white selection are used. Cloning vectors without promoter and RBS for the cloned DNA sequence are sometimes used, for example when cloning genes whose...
significance of these developments was encapsulated in the theory of clonalselection which holds that a B cell has on its surface immunoglobulin receptors...
immunology, was director from 1944 to 1965. Burnet developed the ideas of clonalselection and acquired immune tolerance. Later, Professor Donald Metcalf discovered...
genetic processes to the population of programs. The operations are: selection of the fittest programs for reproduction (crossover), replication and/or...
followed in the selection process of asexual plants, such as mass selection and cloneselection from clone blocks. In mass selection there are some factors...
binding specificity and binding affinities of the resultant antibodies. Clonalselection: B cells that have undergone SHM must compete for limiting growth resources...
focus has been placed on the choice of rootstocks and clonalselection, with six approved clones of Gamay for the wine region. In recent years the rootstock...
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