Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), also known as black typhus or Ordog Fever, is a hemorrhagic fever and zoonotic infectious disease originating in Bolivia after infection by Machupo mammarenavirus.[2]
BHF was first identified in 1963 as an ambisense RNA virus of the Arenaviridae family,[3][4] by a research group led by Karl Johnson. The mortality rate is estimated at 5 to 30 percent. Due to its pathogenicity, Machupo virus requires Biosafety Level Four conditions, the highest level.[5]
During the period between February and March 2007, some 20 suspected BHF cases (3 fatal) were reported to the Servicio Departamental de Salud (SEDES) in Beni Department, Bolivia. In February 2008, at least 200 suspected new cases (12 fatal) were reported to SEDES.[6] In November 2011, a second case was confirmed near the departmental capital of Trinidad, and a serosurvey was conducted to determine the extent of Machupo virus infections in the department. A SEDES expert involved in the survey expressed his concerns about the expansion of the virus to other provinces outside the endemic regions of Mamoré and Iténez provinces.[7][8]
^"ICTV Taxonomy history: Machupo mammarenavirus". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 28 January 2019.
^Public Health Agency of Canada: Machupo Virus Pathogen Safety Data Sheet, http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/machupo-eng.php, Date Modified: 2011-02-18.
^"Machupo". Retrieved 2009-01-22.
^Webb PA, Johnson KM, Mackenzie RB, Kuns ML (July 1967). "Some characteristics of Machupo virus, causative agent of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 16 (4): 531–8. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1967.16.531. PMID 4378149.
^Center for Food Security & Public Health and Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, Iowa State University: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Caused by Arenaviruses, http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_arenavirus.pdf, last updated: February 23, 2010.
^Aguilar PV, Carmago W, Vargas J, Guevara C, Roca Y, Felices V, et al. Reemergence of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 2007–2008 [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet] 2009 Sep. Available from http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/9/09-0017.htm. Accessed 2 Dec 2011.
^"Caso confirmado de fiebre hemorrágica alerta a autoridades benianas," Los Tiempos.com, "Caso confirmado de fiebre hemorrágica alerta a autoridades benianas". Archived from the original on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2012-11-29., 16/11/2011.
^"SEDES movilizado para controlar brote de fiebre hemorrágica en Beni; También se Capacita a Los Comunarios y Estudiantes," Lost Tiempos.com, "SEDES movilizado para controlar brote de fiebre hemorrágica en Beni". Archived from the original on 2011-12-01. Retrieved 2012-11-29., 30/11/2011.
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