Chikungunya is an infection caused by the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV).[5][3] The disease was first identified in 1952 in Tanzania and named based on the Kimakonde words for "to become contorted".[3] Symptoms include fever and joint pain.[2] These typically occur two to twelve days after exposure.[3] Other symptoms may include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, and a rash.[2] Symptoms usually improve within a week; however, occasionally the joint pain may last for months or years.[2][6] The risk of death is around 1 in 1,000.[4] The very young, old, and those with other health problems are at risk of more severe disease.[2]
The virus is spread between people by two types of mosquitos: Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti.[3] They mainly bite during the day.[7] The virus may circulate within a number of animals including birds and rodents.[3] Diagnosis is by either testing the blood for viral RNA or antibodies to the virus.[3] The symptoms can be mistaken for those of dengue fever and Zika fever.[3] It is believed most people become immune after a single infection.[2]
The best means of prevention are overall mosquito control and the avoidance of bites in areas where the disease is common.[4] This may be partly achieved by decreasing mosquitos' access to water and by the use of insect repellent and mosquito nets. In November 2023 the USFDA approved an adults-only vaccine (Ixchiq) for prevention of the disease.[8] Once infected and symptomatic, recommendations to patients should include rest, fluids, and medications to help with fever and joint pain.[2][3]
In 2014, more than a million suspected cases occurred globally.[3] While the disease is endemic in Africa and Asia, outbreaks have been reported in Europe and the Americas since the 2000s;[3] in 2014, an outbreak was reported in Florida in the continental United States, but as of 2016 there were no further locally-acquired cases.[9][10]
^"chikungunya". Oxford Learner's Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
^ abcdefghi"Chikungunya Virus Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment". CDC. 6 April 2016. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
^ abcdefghijklmnop"Chikungunya Fact sheet". WHO. April 2016. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
^ abcdCaglioti C, Lalle E, Castilletti C, Carletti F, Capobianchi MR, Bordi L (July 2013). "Chikungunya virus infection: an overview". The New Microbiologica. 36 (3): 211–27. PMID 23912863.
^Kril, Vasiliya; Aïqui-Reboul-Paviet, Olivier; Briant, Laurence; Amara, Ali (29 September 2021). "New Insights into Chikungunya Virus Infection and Pathogenesis". Annual Review of Virology. 8 (1): 327–347. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-102021. ISSN 2327-056X. PMID 34255544.
^van Aalst M, Nelen CM, Goorhuis A, Stijnis C, Grobusch MP (January 2017). "Long-term sequelae of chikungunya virus disease: A systematic review". Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 15: 8–22. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.01.004. PMID 28163198.
^"Prevention". CDC. 26 February 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
^"FDA Approval". FDA. 9 November 2023. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
^Staples JE, Fischer M (September 2014). "Chikungunya virus in the Americas--what a vectorborne pathogen can do". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (10): 887–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1407698. PMC 4624217. PMID 25184860.
^"2016 provisional data for the United States". CDC. 20 September 2016. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
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