The red color of beets comes from betalain pigments.
Betalains are a class of red and yellow tyrosine-derived pigments found in plants of the order Caryophyllales, where they replace anthocyanin pigments. Betalains also occur in some higher order fungi.[1] They are most often noticeable in the petals of flowers, but may color the fruits, leaves, stems, and roots of plants that contain them. They include pigments such as those found in beets.
^Strack D, Vogt T, Schliemann W (February 2003). "Recent advances in betalain research". Phytochemistry. 62 (3): 247–69. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00564-2. PMID 12620337.
Betalains are a class of red and yellow tyrosine-derived pigments found in plants of the order Caryophyllales, where they replace anthocyanin pigments...
plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves. The betalain pigments are unique in plants of this order and occur in all its families...
Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol. 5, Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales. Alverson, W. S., K. G. Karol, D. A. Baum, M. W. Chase,...
extract or beetroot pigments. The color is caused by the excretion of betalain (betacyanin) pigments such as betanin. The coloring is highly variable...
hydrolysis, resulting in a yellow-brown color.[citation needed] Betanin is a betalain pigment, together with isobetanin, probetanin, and neobetanin. Other pigments...
of betalain pigments, unlike most other red plants, such as red cabbage, which contain anthocyanin pigments. The composition of different betalain pigments...
not betalain pigments. However, cladistic analyses indicate Caryophyllaceae evolved from ancestors that contained betalain, reinforcing betalain as an...
Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol. 5, Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales. Baum, D. A.; S. D. Smith; A. Yen; W. S. Alverson; R. Nyffeler;...
L-tyrosine to the use of engineered strains of E. coli. Albinism Alkaptonuria Betalain Iodinated tyrosine derivatives Pauly reaction Tyramine Tyrosine sulfation...
(eds.). Flowering plants: Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales, and non-betalain Caryophyllales. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. 5. Springer...
6-palmityl-Δ7-stigmasterol-Δ-D-glucoside. Pokeweed berries also contain betalain pigments such as betanin and others. The leaves contain a number of common...
Bayer. 2002. Flowering plants, Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales, and non-betalain Caryophyllales. The Families and genera of vascular plants, 5. Berlin:...
Clemens (eds.). Flowering plants. Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. V. Berlin:...
Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol. 5, Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales. Edlin, H. L. (1935). "A Critical Revision of Certain Taxonomic...
8–9 (rarely 17). Widespread in the Amaranthaceae is the occurrence of betalain pigments. The former Chenopodiaceae often contain isoflavonoids. In phytochemical...
in colour, often with a darker mid-stripe; the reddish hues are due to betalain pigments as usual for Caryophyllales. The fruit is berry-like, club-shaped...
phytochemicals in variable quantities, such as polyphenols, dietary minerals and betalains. Identified compounds under basic research include gallic acid, vanillic...
in the tropics. In Peru, simple methods have been developed to extract Betalain from red varieties of A. caudatus to be used as non-toxic red food colouring...
(including cactus, beets, and amaranth), they are replaced by betalains. Anthocyanins and betalains have never been found in the same plant. Sometimes bred...
Stintzing, F. C.; Carle, R; et al. (2005). "Urinary pharmacokinetics of betalains following consumption of red beet juice in healthy humans". Pharmacological...
Vol. 5: Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer. pp. 75–174. ISBN 3-540-42873-9. page 83 L. J...
bearing chlorophyll, in order to maximize the use of available light Betalains are red or yellow pigments. Like anthocyanins they are water-soluble,...
self-fertilizing, though cross-pollination occurs. In the natural environment, betalains serve to attract animals to generate a greater rate of pollination and...
encourages them to synthesise red and purple anthocyanin pigments, (or betalain pigments within Caryophyllales). Nepenthes and Pinguicula will do better...
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