3,000 cavalry with 700 bodyguards [1] with 30,000–35,000 semi-irregular men[2]
Casualties and losses
unknown
Heavy
Battle of the Indus
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Location within South Asia
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Battle of the Indus
Battle of the Indus (Pakistan)
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v
t
e
Genghis Khan's campaigns
Rise of Genghis Khan
Chakirmaut
Western Xia
Jin dynasty
Yehuling
Zhongdu
Qara Khitai
Khwarazmia
Bukhara
Samarkand
Merv
Parwan
Indus
Kalka River
Volga Bulgars
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Mongol invasion of Khwarazmia
Irghiz River
Otrar
Bukhara
Samarkand
Gurganj
Merv
Waliyan
Parwan
Indus
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Battles involving Jalal ad-Din
Irghiz
Waliyan
Parwan
Indus
Garni
Bolnisi
Yasi Cemen
The Battle of the Indus was fought on the banks of the Indus River, on 24 November 1221, by two armies commanded by Shah Jalal al-Din Mingburnu of the Khwarazmian Empire, and Genghis Khan of the Mongol Empire. The battle, which resulted in an overwhelming Mongol victory, was the concluding engagement in the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire.
After his father Muhammad II had died on an island in the Caspian Sea, Jalal al-Din assumed the title of Khwarazmshah and travelled eastwards. Escaping the Mongols several times, he reached Ghazni and started assembling a large force; he then defeated the Mongol commander Shigi Qutuqu at the Battle of Parwan. This upset victory drew the attention and ire of Genghis Khan, who gathered a force of at least 50,000 and moved towards the Shah, who had lost a large proportion of his force because of a dispute over plunder. Now unable to effectively combat the Khan, he retreated eastwards towards the Indus river; the Mongols caught up on the morning the Khwarazmians were due to cross.
The Shah's army, now numbering around 30,000, assumed a strong defensive position on the banks of the river. They acquitted themselves well in the early fighting, managing to drive back the Mongol forces despite being heavily outnumbered. However, after an elite Mongol detachment managed to outflank the Khwarazmians, the Shah realized the battle was lost; in full armour, he rode his horse off a cliff into the Indus. As a mark of respect for his enemy's bravery, the Khan ordered his archers not to fire, and so the Shah managed to gain the opposite bank; however, his family and nearly all his army were slaughtered.
^ abSverdrup 2010, pp. 109–117.
^Dupuy & Dupuy 1993, p. 366.
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