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Ghaznavid campaigns in India
Part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
Map of Ghaznavid empire and its campaign areas.
Date
10th and 11th centuries,
Location
Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India
Result
Ghaznavid victory[1]
Belligerents
Ghaznavid empire
Qarmatians Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty Chaulukya dynasty Rashtrakutas of Kannauj Gahadavala Dynasty Kachchhapaghata dynasty Lawik dynasty Hindu Shahis Rajput confederacy Jatts Chandelas Lodi dynasty of Multan Habbari dynasty Tomara dynasty Lohara dynasty Kingdom of Bhatia Kingdom of Narayana Kingdom of Bulandshahr Kingdom of Mahaban Kingdom of Asi Kingdom of Sirsawa
Commanders and leaders
Sabuktigin Mahmud of Ghazni
Jayapala (POW) Abu Ali Lawik † Fateh Daud Bhima I Vidyadhara Khafif † Kirthiraja Rajyapala Biji Rai (POW) Sukhapala (POW) Anandapala King Narayan Rama of Dera Trilochanapala † King Hardat Kulchand of Mahaban Chand Rai of Sirsawa (POW) Candrapala Bhur Gopala
Casualties and losses
Unknown
2 million killed.[2] More than 700,000 captured as prisoners.[3]
The Ghaznavid campaigns in India refer to a series of military expeditions lasting 54 years (973–1027) launched by the Ghaznavid Empire, a prominent empire of the 10th and 11th centuries, into the Indian subcontinent, led primarily by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (r. 998–1030), leaving a profound impact on the region's history and culture.
Beginning in the late 10th century, these incursions marked a significant chapter in the history of South Asia, with Ghaznavid forces penetrating deep into the Indian subcontinent, including the Punjab region and northern India. The primary objectives of these campaigns included the acquisition of wealth, the propagation of Islam, and the establishment of Ghaznavid rule in the region.
By the end of the tenth century, the Ghaznavid ruler Sabuktigin captured the region between Laghman and Peshawar from the Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapala. This laid the foundation for the Ghaznavids to establish their dominance over parts of present-day Afghanistan and northern India. The Ghaznavid campaigns in India serve as a crucial historical backdrop to the later Islamic empires that would shape the subcontinent's destiny.
^Peacock, A. C. S. (2013-02-01). Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation. Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-135-15369-4. Despite defeat in Khuräsän, the Ghaznavid campaigns into India continued successfully
^Lal, Kishori Saran (1973). Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India: A. D. 1000 - 1800. Research. pp. 211–217. ISBN 978-0-88386-298-8.
^Freamon, Bernard K. (2019-05-20). Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures. BRILL. pp. 278–279. ISBN 978-90-04-39879-5.
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