Water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan
Indus river and tributaries
The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, arranged and negotiated by the World Bank, to use the water available in the Indus River and its tributaries.[1][2][3][4] It was signed in Karachi on 19 September 1960 by then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and then Pakistani president Ayub Khan.[5][1]
The Treaty gives control over the waters of the three "eastern rivers" — the Beas, Ravi and Sutlej located in India with a mean annual flow of 41 billion m3 (33 million acre⋅ft) — to India, while control over the waters of the three "western rivers" — the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum located in India with a mean annual flow of 99 billion m3 — to Pakistan.[6] India got about 30% of the total water carried by the Indus system located in India while Pakistan got the remaining 70%.[7][8] The treaty allows India to use the western river waters for limited irrigation use and unlimited non-consumptive use such as power generation, navigation, floating of property, fish culture, etc.[9] It lays down detailed regulations for India in building projects over the western rivers. The preamble of the treaty recognises the rights and obligations of each country for the optimum water use from the Indus system of rivers in a spirit of goodwill, friendship and cooperation. Though the treaty is no way connected with security aspects of both nations, Pakistan, being a downstream nation of both eastern and western rivers, fears that India could potentially create floods or droughts in Pakistan, especially in times of warlike situations.[10][11]
In 1948 during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948, the water rights of the river system were the focus of an Indo-Pakistani water dispute. Since the ratification of the treaty in 1960, India and Pakistan have not engaged in any water wars, despite engaging in several military conflicts. Most disagreements and disputes have been settled via legal procedures, provided for within the framework of the treaty.[12]
The Indus Waters Treaty is considered one of the most successful water sharing endeavours in the world today, even though analysts acknowledge the need to update certain technical specifications and expand the scope of the agreement to address climate change.[13][14]
^ abPatricia Bauer. "Indus Waters Treaty:India-Pakistan [1960]". Encyclopedia Britannica website. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
^Daniel Haines (8 March 2017). "The Rivers Run Wild (Indus Waters Treaty-1960) - Nearly 60 Years Since Their Landmark Treaty, The Pakistan-India Water Dispute Remains Contentious". Newsweek (magazine). Retrieved 28 October 2019.
^"Full text of 'Indus Water Treaty' with Annexures, World Bank" (PDF). 1960. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
^"War over water". The Guardian. 3 June 2002. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
^"How the Indus Treaty was signed". The Hindu. 28 September 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
^Cite error: The named reference jk was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference pak1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Andrew Keller; Jack Keller; David Seckler. "Integrated Water Resource Systems: Theory and Policy Implications" (PDF). Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^"India's First Shot at the Indus Waters Treaty". Retrieved 3 July 2023.
^"Preamble of Indus water treaty" (PDF). Retrieved 30 October 2017.
^"Indus Water Treaty: Review is not an Option". Retrieved 30 July 2018.
^Chaturvedi, A. K. (Spring 2017), "Indus Water Treaty: Options for India" (PDF), Scholar Warrior, Centre for Land Warfare Studies, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2018
^"Scrapping water treaty is no solution", says Pakistan's Indus waters commissioner, 2014, retrieved 23 March 2020
Shot at the IndusWatersTreaty". Retrieved 3 July 2023. "Preamble of Indus water treaty" (PDF). Retrieved 30 October 2017. "Indus Water Treaty: Review is...
the IndusWatersTreaty of 1960, the waters of the Ravi and two other rivers (Sutlej and Beas River) were allocated to India. Subsequently, the Indus Basin...
project violated the Indus Water Treaty of 1960. The treaty provides for India to make use of the three western rivers of the Indus River system, including...
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dam. Under the IndusWatersTreaty of 1960, the Chenab River is allocated to Pakistan for exploitation (one of the 'Western Rivers' – Indus, Jhelum and Chenab)...
of Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana. The waters of the Sutlej are allocated to India under the IndusWatersTreaty between India and Pakistan, and are mostly...
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Himalayas HMS IndusIndusWatersTreaty List of rivers of Pakistan Rigvedic rivers Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir Sindhology Hindush Number of Indus script inscribed...
implement and manage the goals and objectives and outlines of the IndusWatersTreaty (IWT). After prolonged talks between the governments of India and...
for the dam. Pakistan has frequently alleged that it violates the IndusWatersTreaty. Construction of the project was started in January 2022 by the EPC...
Ha). The construction of the dam is as per the framework of the IndusWatersTreaty regarding sharing of rivers between India and Pakistan. The project...
It is of the run-of-the-river type without a large dam, since the IndusWatersTreaty gives Pakistan the exclusive right to regulate the Jhelum River....
India's suspension of cooperation over the IndusWatersTreaty, Sartaj Aziz said India could not revoke the treaty unilaterally as per the IWT's provisions...
"Fact Sheet: The IndusWatersTreaty 1960 and the Role of the World Bank". The World Bank. June 11, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2020. "Indus River System...
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treaties/laws. The Indian government has signed IndusWatersTreaty with Pakistan, Ganga water sharing treaty with Bangladesh, etc. without the ratification...
River Indus. After this the Indus flows alone through the Lower Indus Plain. Lower Indus Plain starts from Mithankot up to Thatta where the Indus meets...
turn joins the Indus River at Mithankot. The water of the Beas river is allocated to India under the terms of the IndusWatersTreaty between India and...
Project since 1987, when Pakistan objected that it violated the 1960 IndusWatersTreaty (IWT). India stopped work on the project that year, but has since...
administration became a party to the IndusWatersTreaty with archrival India to resolve disputes regarding the sharing of the waters of the six rivers in the Punjab...
the Indus River and its tributaries. An agreement was reached after five weeks and the dispute was followed by the signing of the IndusWatersTreaty in...
from the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab Rivers under the 1960 IndusWatersTreaty. It could also refer to the capture of vital arteries such as the Indus. Political...
IndusWatersTreaty signed in 1960, India gained rights to the waters of the Ravi, Sutlej and Beas rivers, while Pakistan, in addition to the waters of...
Williams Trailers, a manufacturer of trailers up to 3500kg IndusWatersTreaty, a water-sharing treaty between the India and Pakistan Institute for the promotion...
the freshwater available in the Indus River. However, the LBOD construction is in violation of the IndusWatersTreaty (Article IV), causing material damage...
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