Indian campaign of Alexander the Great information
Ancient Greek military campaign
Alexander's Indian campaign
Part of the Wars of Alexander the Great
Routes taken by the Macedonian army into the Indus Valley
Date
327–325 BC
Location
Indus Valley (modern-day Pakistan)
Result
Macedonian victory
Territorial changes
Macedon annexes the northwestern Indian subcontinent
Belligerents
Macedonian Empire
Hellenic League
Gandhara
Aśvaka
Guraeans
Pauravas
Mallians
Oxydracians
Abastanoí
Commanders and leaders
Alexander the Great (WIA)
Craterus
Ptolemy I Soter (WIA)
Perdiccas
Coenus
Peithon (WIA)
Hephaestion
Taxiles
Porus
Cleophis
Abisares
Shashigupta
v
t
e
Alexander's Indian campaign
Cophen (327 BC)
Aornos (326 BC)
Hydaspes (326 BC)
Mallian Campaign (326 BC)
The Indian campaign of Alexander the Great began in 327BC and lasted until 325BC. After conquering the Achaemenid Persian Empire, the Macedonian army undertook an expedition into the northwestern Indian subcontinent. Within two years, Alexander expanded the Macedonian Empire to include present-day Punjab and Sindh in what is modern-day Pakistan, surpassing the earlier frontiers that had been established by the Persian conquest of the Indus Valley.
Following Macedon's absorption of Gandhara (a former Persian satrapy), including the city of Taxila, Alexander and his troops advanced into Punjab, where they were confronted by Porus, the regional Indian king. In 326 BC, Alexander defeated Porus and the Pauravas during the Battle of the Hydaspes,[1][2] but that engagement was possibly the Macedonians' most costly battle.[3]
Alexander's continued eastward march was leading his army into a confrontation with the Nanda Empire, based in Magadha. According to Greek sources, the Nanda army was five times the size of the Macedonian army;[4] Alexander's troops—increasingly exhausted, homesick, and anxious by the prospects of having to further face large Indian armies throughout the Indo-Gangetic Plain—mutinied at the Hyphasis River, refusing to advance his push to the east. After a meeting with his army general Coenus, during which he was informed of his soldiers' laments, Alexander relented under the conviction that it was better to return. He subsequently turned southward, advancing through southern Punjab as well as Sindh, where he conquered more tribes along the lower areas of the Indus River, before finally turning westward to reach Macedon.[5]
^Fuller, p. 198
While the battle raged, Craterus forced his way over the Haranpur ford. When he saw that Alexander was winning a brilliant victory he pressed on and, as his men were fresh, took over the pursuit.
^The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XVIII
^Peter Connolly. Greece and Rome at War. Macdonald Phoebus Ltd, 1981, p. 66.
^Bongard-Levin, G. (1979). A History of India. Moscow: Progress Publishers. p. 264.
^The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XXVIII
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