Spores and bipyramidal crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis morrisoni strain T08025
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Bacillota
Class:
Bacilli
Order:
Bacillales
Family:
Bacillaceae
Genus:
Bacillus
Species:
B. thuringiensis
Binomial name
Bacillus thuringiensis
Berliner 1915
Subspecies
subsp. "aizawai" Oeda et al. 1987
subsp. "berliner" Klier et al. 1982
subsp. "colmeri" De Lucca et al. 1984
subsp. "coreanensis" Mizuki et al. 1999
subsp. "darmstadiensis" Ohba et al. 1979
subsp. "dendrolimus" Chen et al. 2004
subsp. "fukuokaensis" Ohba and Aizawa 1989
subsp. "galleriae" Sakanian et al. 1982
subsp. "guiyangiensis" Li et al. 1999
subsp. "higo" Ohba et al. 1995
subsp. "israelensis" Barjac 1978
subsp. "jinghongiensis" Li et al. 1999
subsp. "kurstaki" Bulla et al. 1979
subsp. "morrisoni" Cantwell et al. 1982
subsp. "oswaldocruzi" Rabinovitch et al. 1995
subsp. "pakistani" Barjac et al. 1977
subsp. "shandongiensis" Wang et al. 1986
subsp. "sotto" Shibano et al. 1985
subsp. "tenebrionis" Krieg et al. 1983
subsp. "thompsoni" Calabrese and Nickerson 1980
subsp. "toguchini" Khodyrev 1990
subsp. "tolworthi" Sick et al. 1990
subsp. "toumanoffii" Krieg 1969
subsp. "wuhanensis" Kuo and Chak 1996
Gram stain of Bacillus thuringiensis under 1000 × magnification
Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, the most commonly used biological pesticide worldwide. B. thuringiensis also occurs naturally in the gut of caterpillars of various types of moths and butterflies, as well on leaf surfaces, aquatic environments, animal feces, insect-rich environments, and flour mills and grain-storage facilities.[1][2] It has also been observed to parasitize moths such as Cadra calidella—in laboratory experiments working with C. calidella, many of the moths were diseased due to this parasite.[3]
During sporulation, many Bt strains produce crystal proteins (proteinaceous inclusions), called delta endotoxins, that have insecticidal action. This has led to their use as insecticides, and more recently to genetically modified crops using Bt genes, such as Bt corn.[4] Many crystal-producing Bt strains, though, do not have insecticidal properties.[5] The subspecies israelensis is commonly used for control of mosquitoes[6] and of fungus gnats.[7]
As a toxic mechanism, cry proteins bind to specific receptors on the membranes of mid-gut (epithelial) cells of the targeted pests, resulting in their rupture. Other organisms (including humans, other animals and non-targeted insects) that lack the appropriate receptors in their gut cannot be affected by the cry protein, and therefore are not affected by Bt.[8][9]
^Madigan MT, Martinko JM, eds. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-144329-7.[page needed]
^du Rand N (July 2009). Isolation of Entomopathogenic Gram Positive Spore Forming Bacteria Effective Against Coleoptera (PhD thesis). Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal. hdl:10413/1235.[page needed]
^Cox PD (1975). "The influence of photoperiod on the life-cycles of Ephestia calidella (Guenee) and Ephestia figulilella Gregson (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae)". J. Stored Prod. Res. 11 (2): 77. doi:10.1016/0022-474X(75)90043-0.
^Kumar PA, Sharma RP, Malik VS (1996). "The Insecticidal Proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis". Advances in Applied Microbiology Volume 42. Vol. 42. pp. 1–43. doi:10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70371-x. ISBN 978-0-12-002642-5. PMID 8865583.
^Roh JY, Choi JY, Li MS, Jin BR, Je YH (April 2007). "Bacillus thuringiensis as a specific, safe, and effective tool for insect pest control". Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 17 (4): 547–59. PMID 18051264.
^"Bti for Mosquito Control". EPA.gov. US EPA. 2016-07-05. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
^"Fungus Gnats Management Guidelines--UC IPM". ipm.ucanr.edu. University of California Integrated Pest Management.
^Hall H (May 30, 2006). "Bt corn: is it worth the risk?". The Science Creative Quarterly.
^Dorsch JA, Candas M, Griko NB, Maaty WS, Midboe EG, Vadlamudi RK, Bulla LA (September 2002). "Cry1A toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis bind specifically to a region adjacent to the membrane-proximal extracellular domain of BT-R(1) in Manduca sexta: involvement of a cadherin in the entomopathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis". Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 32 (9): 1025–36. doi:10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00040-1. PMID 12213239.
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