Arsenic information

Arsenic, ₃₃As
Arsenic
Pronunciation	/ˈɑːrsənɪk/; (AR-sən-ik); as an adjective: /ɑːrˈsɛnɪk/; (ar-SEN-ik);
Allotropes	grey (most common), yellow, black (see Allotropes of arsenic)
Appearance	metallic grey
Standard atomic weight Ar°(As)
	74.921595±0.000006; 74.922±0.001 (abridged);
Arsenic in the periodic table
	germanium ← arsenic → selenium
Atomic number (Z)	33
Group	group 15 (pnictogens)
Period	period 4
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 5
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Sublimation point	887 K (615 °C, 1137 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	grey: 5.782 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	5.22 g/cm3
Triple point	1090 K, 3628 kPa
Critical point	1673 K, ? MPa
Heat of fusion	grey: 24.44 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	34.76 kJ/mol (?)
Molar heat capacity	24.64 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.18
Ionization energies	1st: 947.0 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1798 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2735 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 119 pm
Covalent radius	119±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	185 pm
	Spectral lines of arsenic
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	grey: rhombohedral (hR2)
Lattice constants	ar = 413.15 pm; α = 54.133° pm ah = 375.99 pm; ch = 1054.58 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	5.6 µm/(m⋅K) (at r.t.)
Thermal conductivity	50.2 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	333 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−5.5×10−6 cm3/mol
Young's modulus	8 GPa
Bulk modulus	22 GPa
Mohs hardness	3.5
Brinell hardness	1440 MPa
CAS Number	7440-38-2
History
Discovery	Arabic alchemists (before AD 815)
Isotopes of arsenic v; e;
γ	–
β+	74Ge
γ	–
β−	74Se
	Category: Arsenic; view; talk; edit; \| references

Arsenic is a chemical element; it has symbol As and atomic number 33. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in combination with sulfur and metals, but also as a pure elemental crystal. Arsenic is a notoriously toxic metalloid. It has various allotropes, but only the grey form, which has a metallic appearance, is important to industry.

The primary use of arsenic is in alloys of lead (for example, in car batteries and ammunition). Arsenic is a common n-type dopant in semiconductor electronic devices. It is also a component of the III–V compound semiconductor gallium arsenide. Arsenic and its compounds, especially the trioxide, are used in the production of pesticides, treated wood products, herbicides, and insecticides. These applications are declining with the increasing recognition of the toxicity of arsenic and its compounds.^[11]

A few species of bacteria are able to use arsenic compounds as respiratory metabolites. Trace quantities of arsenic are an essential dietary element in rats, hamsters, goats, chickens, and presumably other species. A role in human metabolism is not known.^[12]^[13] However, arsenic poisoning occurs in multicellular life if quantities are larger than needed. Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a problem that affects millions of people across the world.

The United States' Environmental Protection Agency states that all forms of arsenic are a serious risk to human health.^[14] The United States' Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ranked arsenic as number 1 in its 2001 Priority List of Hazardous Substances at Superfund sites.^[15] Arsenic is classified as a Group-A carcinogen.^[14]

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Arsenic". CIAAW. 2013.
^ Prohaska T, Irrgeher J, Benefield J, Böhlke JK, Chesson LA, Coplen TB, Ding T, Dunn PJ, Gröning M, Holden NE, Meijer HA (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^a ^b Arblaster JW (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ Gokcen, N. A (1989). "The As (arsenic) system". Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams. 10: 11–22. doi:10.1007/BF02882166.
^ Abraham MY, Wang Y, Xie Y, Wei P, Shaefer III HF, Schleyer Pv, Robinson GH (2010). "Carbene Stabilization of Diarsenic: From Hypervalency to Allotropy". Chemistry: A European Journal. 16 (2): 432–5. doi:10.1002/chem.200902840. PMID 19937872.
^ Ellis BD, MacDonald CL (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247.
^ Cverna, Fran (2002). ASM Ready Reference: Thermal properties of metals. ASM International. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-0-87170-768-0. pdf.
^ Lide, David R., ed. (2000). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (81 ed.). CRC press. ISBN 0849304814.
^ Weast R (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^ Kondev FG, Wang M, Huang WJ, Naimi S, Audi G (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ Grund, Sabina C., Hanusch, Kunibert, Wolf, Hans Uwe. "Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_113.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^ Cite error: The named reference ANut was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference UEssent was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Dibyendu S, Datta R (2007). "Biogeochemistry of Arsenic in Contaminated Soils of Superfund Sites". EPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
^ Carelton J (2007). "Final Report: Biogeochemistry of Arsenic in Contaminated Soils of Superfund Sites". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 25 February 2018.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Arsenic". CIAAW. 2013.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska T, Irrgeher J, Benefield J, Böhlke JK, Chesson LA, Coplen TB, Ding T, Dunn PJ, Gröning M, Holden NE, Meijer HA (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] Arblaster JW (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[Gokcen1989-4] Gokcen, N. A (1989). "The As (arsenic) system". Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams. 10: 11–22. doi:10.1007/BF02882166.

[5] Abraham MY, Wang Y, Xie Y, Wei P, Shaefer III HF, Schleyer Pv, Robinson GH (2010). "Carbene Stabilization of Diarsenic: From Hypervalency to Allotropy". Chemistry: A European Journal. 16 (2): 432–5. doi:10.1002/chem.200902840. PMID 19937872.

[6] Ellis BD, MacDonald CL (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247.

[7] Cverna, Fran (2002). ASM Ready Reference: Thermal properties of metals. ASM International. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-0-87170-768-0. pdf.

[8] Lide, David R., ed. (2000). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (81 ed.). CRC press. ISBN 0849304814.

[9] Weast R (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-10] Kondev FG, Wang M, Huang WJ, Naimi S, Audi G (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[Ullmann-11] Grund, Sabina C., Hanusch, Kunibert, Wolf, Hans Uwe. "Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_113.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.

[ANut-12] Cite error: The named reference ANut was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[UEssent-13] Cite error: The named reference UEssent was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[EPA1-14] Dibyendu S, Datta R (2007). "Biogeochemistry of Arsenic in Contaminated Soils of Superfund Sites". EPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 25 February 2018.

[15] Carelton J (2007). "Final Report: Biogeochemistry of Arsenic in Contaminated Soils of Superfund Sites". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 25 February 2018.

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