Process by which two or more different strains of a virus combine to form a new subtype
Not to be confused with Antigenic drift or Genetic drift.
NIAID illustration of potential influenza genetic reassortment
Antigenic shift is the process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two or more different viruses, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two or more original strains. The term is often applied specifically to influenza, as that is the best-known example, but the process is also known to occur with other viruses, such as visna virus in sheep.[1] Antigenic shift is a specific case of reassortment or viral shift that confers a phenotypic change.
Antigenic shift is contrasted with antigenic drift, which is the natural mutation over time of known strains of influenza (or other things, in a more general sense) which may lead to a loss of immunity, or in vaccine mismatch. Antigenic drift occurs in all types of influenza including influenza A, influenza B and influenza C. Antigenic shift, however, occurs only in influenza A because it infects more than just humans.[2] Affected species include other mammals and birds, giving influenza A the opportunity for a major reorganization of surface antigens. Influenza B and C principally infect humans, minimizing the chance that a reassortment will change its phenotype drastically.[3]
In 1940s, Maurice Hilleman discovered antigenic shift, which is important for the emergence of new viral pathogens as it is a pathway that viruses may follow to enter a new niche.[4][5]
^Treanor, John (15 January 2004). "Influenza vaccine--outmaneuvering antigenic shift and drift". New England Journal of Medicine. 350 (3): 218–220. doi:10.1056/NEJMp038238. PMID 14724300.
^Zambon, Maria C. (November 1999). "Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 44 (Supp B): 3–9. doi:10.1093/jac/44.suppl_2.3. PMID 10877456.
^Oransky, Ivan (14 May 2005). "Maurice R Hilleman". The Lancet. 365 (9472): 1682. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66536-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 15912596. S2CID 46630955.
sheep. Antigenicshift is a specific case of reassortment or viral shift that confers a phenotypic change. Antigenicshift is contrasted with antigenic drift...
population. Antigenic drift occurs in both influenza A and influenza B viruses. (Confusion can arise with two very similar terms, antigenicshift and genetic...
Antigenic variation or antigenic alteration refers to the mechanism by which an infectious agent such as a protozoan, bacterium or virus alters the proteins...
influenza viruses evolve through are antigenic drift and antigenicshift. Antigenic drift is when an influenza virus' antigens change due to the gradual accumulation...
population. There are two natural mechanisms for change - antigenic drift and antigenicshift. Antigenic drift arises over a period of time as an accumulation...
However studies in Vietnam have shown that CPV2 can undergo minor antigenicshift and natural mutation to infect felids. Analyses of feline parvovirus...
mutations (antigenic drift) or reassortment in which a new type of HA or NA is produced (antigenicshift). Influenza virus C is only capable of antigenic drift...
blockade of antigen presentation, cytokine resistance, evasion of natural killer cell activities, escape from apoptosis, and antigenicshift. Other viruses...
neuraminidase (NA) are two virus surface antigens that are constantly changing. Antigenic drift or antigenicshift are two possible influenza viral changes...
mutations (antigenic drift) or reassortment in which a new HA or NA is produced (antigenicshift). Influenza viruses C and D are only capable of antigenic drift...
Hong Kong flu pandemic". He also played a role in the discovery of antigenicshift and drift, the cold-producing adenoviruses, the hepatitis viruses,...
from H2N2 (which caused the Asian flu pandemic in 1957–1958) through antigenicshift, a genetic process in which genes from multiple subtypes are reassorted...
of genes (reassortment) to create a new virus, which can cause an antigenicshift to a new influenza A virus subtype which most people have little to...
least one undamaged copy. Other kinds of nonhereditary genetic change Antigenicshift Horizontal gene transfer Alberts, B.; Bray, D.; Roberts, K.; Lewis...
Contrast antigenic shift. antigenic imprinting See original antigenic sin. antigenicshift Any sudden and major change in the antigenicity of a virus, particularly...
A virus HA antigenic evolution appears to be characterized more by punctuated, sporadic jumps as opposed to a constant rate of antigenic change. Using...
against all influenza strains regardless of the virus sub type, antigenic drift or antigenicshift.[page needed] Hence it should not require modification from...
between organisms of different species, either through hybridisation, antigenicshift, or reassortment, is sometimes an important source of genetic variation...
possible. This reduced rate of antigenic change, combined with its limited host range (inhibiting cross species antigenicshift), ensures that pandemics of...
influenza, RSV cannot participate in the type of genetic reassortment and antigenicshifts responsible for large pandemics. It has 10 genes encoding for 11 proteins...
slightly (a process called "antigenic drift"), sometimes significantly enough to result in a new subtype ("antigenicshift"). Within weeks of the report...
form which can pass easily among humans. H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenicshift and caused the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 and 1969 that killed...
can be mixed with one another, so no antigenicshift occurs. The second reason relates to the idea of antigenic drift. Since RNA-dependent RNA polymerase...
that contains the glycoproteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), antigens whose subtypes are used to classify the strains of the virus as H1N1, H1N2...
virus because it requires Hepatitis B virus (HBV) to provide HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) for the encapsidation of its genome. The envelope proteins on the...
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