Class of compounds based upon the amphetamine structure
"Amphetamines" redirects here. For the chemical, see Amphetamine. For other uses, see Amphetamine (disambiguation).
Substituted amphetamine
Drug class
Racemic amphetamine skeleton
Class identifiers
Chemical class
Substituted derivatives of amphetamine
Legal status
In Wikidata
Optical isomers of amphetamine
L-amphetamine
D-amphetamine
Substituted amphetamines are a class of compounds based upon the amphetamine structure;[1] it includes all derivative compounds which are formed by replacing, or substituting, one or more hydrogen atoms in the amphetamine core structure with substituents.[1][2][3][4] The compounds in this class span a variety of pharmacological subclasses, including stimulants, empathogens, and hallucinogens, among others.[2] Examples of substituted amphetamines are amphetamine (itself),[1][2] methamphetamine,[1] ephedrine,[1] cathinone,[1] phentermine,[1] mephentermine,[1] tranylcypromine,[5] bupropion,[1] methoxyphenamine,[1] selegiline,[1] amfepramone (diethylpropion),[1] pyrovalerone,[1] MDMA (ecstasy), and DOM (STP).
Some of amphetamine's substituted derivatives occur in nature, for example in the leaves of Ephedra and khat plants.[1] Amphetamine was first produced at the end of the 19th century. By the 1930s, amphetamine and some of its derivative compounds found use as decongestants in the symptomatic treatment of colds and also occasionally as psychoactive agents. Their effects on the central nervous system are diverse, but can be summarized by three overlapping types of activity: psychoanaleptic, hallucinogenic and empathogenic. Various substituted amphetamines may cause these actions either separately or in combination.
^ abcdefghijklmnHagel JM, Krizevski R, Marsolais F, Lewinsohn E, Facchini PJ (2012). "Biosynthesis of amphetamine analogs in plants". Trends Plant Sci. 17 (7): 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.004. PMID 22502775. Substituted amphetamines, which are also called phenylpropylamino alkaloids, are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds that feature a phenethylamine backbone with a methyl group at the α-position relative to the nitrogen (Figure 1). Countless variation in functional group substitutions has yielded a collection of synthetic drugs with diverse pharmacological properties as stimulants, empathogens and hallucinogens [3]. ... Beyond (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, myriad other substituted amphetamines have important pharmaceutical applications. The stereochemistry at the α-carbon is often a key determinant of pharmacological activity, with (S)-enantiomers being more potent. For example, (S)-amphetamine, commonly known as d-amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, displays five times greater psychostimulant activity compared with its (R)-isomer [78]. Most such molecules are produced exclusively through chemical syntheses and many are prescribed widely in modern medicine. For example, (S)-amphetamine (Figure 4b), a key ingredient in Adderall and Dexedrine, is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [79]. ... [Figure 4](b) Examples of synthetic, pharmaceutically important substituted amphetamines.
^ abcGlennon RA (2013). "Phenylisopropylamine stimulants: amphetamine-related agents". In Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W (eds.). Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry (7th ed.). Philadelphia, USA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 646–648. ISBN 9781609133450. The simplest unsubstituted phenylisopropylamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, or amphetamine, serves as a common structural template for hallucinogens and psychostimulants. Amphetamine produces central stimulant, anorectic, and sympathomimetic actions, and it is the prototype member of this class (39).
^Lillsunde P, Korte T (March 1991). "Determination of ring- and N-substituted amphetamines as heptafluorobutyryl derivatives". Forensic Sci. Int. 49 (2): 205–213. doi:10.1016/0379-0738(91)90081-s. PMID 1855720.
^Custodio, Raly James Perez; Botanas, Chrislean Jun; Yoon, Seong Shoon; Peña, June Bryan de la; Peña, Irene Joy dela; Kim, Mikyung; Woo, Taeseon; Seo, Joung-Wook; Jang, Choon-Gon; Kwon, Yong Ho; Kim, Nam Yong (1 November 2017). "Evaluation of the Abuse Potential of Novel Amphetamine Derivatives with Modifications on the Amine (NBNA) and Phenyl (EDA, PMEA, 2-APN) Sites". Biomolecules & Therapeutics. 25 (6): 578–585. doi:10.4062/biomolther.2017.141. ISSN 2005-4483. PMC 5685426. PMID 29081089.
^Ulrich S, Ricken R, Adli M (2017). "Tranylcypromine in mind (Part I): Review of pharmacology". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 27 (8): 697–713. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.05.007. PMID 28655495. S2CID 4913721.
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Amphetamine and methamphetamine are central nervous system stimulants used to treat a variety of conditions. When used recreationally, they are colloquially...
drug called mixed amphetamine salts containing four salts of amphetamine. The mixture is composed of equal parts racemic amphetamine and dextroamphetamine...
develop with regular substitutedamphetamine use. When substitutedamphetamines are used, drug tolerance develops rapidly. Amphetamine dependence has shown...
for some time. The most common causative agents are substitutedamphetamines, including substituted cathinones, as well as certain dopamine reuptake inhibitors...
4-Substituted-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamines (DOx) is a chemical class of substitutedamphetamine derivatives featuring methoxy groups at the 2- and 5- positions...
is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and enantiomer of amphetamine that is prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity...
metabolic integrity. Methamphetamine belongs to the substituted phenethylamine and substitutedamphetamine chemical classes. It is related to the other...
and their daughter class substitutedamphetamines. Substitutedamphetamines are a class of compounds based upon the amphetamine structure; it includes all...
considered a typical dose). MDMA is in the substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine and substitutedamphetamine classes of chemicals. As a free base, MDMA...
concerns of abuse and addiction. Chemically, phenmetrazine is a substitutedamphetamine containing a morpholine ring. Phenmetrazine was first patented...
List of psychedelic literature SubstitutedAmphetamine (AMPH) Substituted Methylenedioxyphenethylamine (MDxx) Substituted Phenethylamine (PEA) TiHKAL, the...
the amphetamine molecule. Racemic amphetamine contains two optical isomers, dextroamphetamine, and levoamphetamine. The first patented amphetamine brand...
trade name Asenlix by Aventis. Chemically, clobenzorex is an N-substitutedamphetamine prodrug that is metabolized primarily into 4-hydroxyclobenzorex...
methoxy group is substituted in the para position of the ATS molecule, the hallucinogenic potency will become significantly high. Amphetamine type stimulants...
enzymes in humans include the following: Lisdexamfetamine is a substitutedamphetamine with an amide linkage formed by the condensation of dextroamphetamine...
pro forma from the cyclization of amphetamine's side chain; therefore, it is classified as a substitutedamphetamine. Tranylcypromine is used to treat...
structure with substituents. The class of substituted phenethylamines includes all substitutedamphetamines, and substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamines (MDxx)...
symptoms of SzPD, but their use is no longer recommended. The substitutedamphetamine bupropion may be used to treat associated anhedonia. However, it...
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