Dextroamphetamine (INN:dexamfetamine) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and enantiomer[note 1] of amphetamine that is prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.[10][27] It is also used as an athletic performance and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant.
The amphetamine molecule exists as two enantiomers,[note 1] levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Dextroamphetamine is the dextrorotatory, or 'right-handed', enantiomer and exhibits more pronounced effects on the central nervous system than levoamphetamine. Pharmaceutical dextroamphetamine sulfate is available as both a brand name and generic drug in a variety of dosage forms. Dextroamphetamine is sometimes prescribed as the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, which is converted into dextroamphetamine after absorption.
Dextroamphetamine, like other amphetamines, elicits its stimulating effects via several distinct actions: it inhibits or reverses the transporter proteins for the monoamine neurotransmitters (namely the serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine transporters) either via trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) or in a TAAR1 independent fashion when there are high cytosolic concentrations of the monoamine neurotransmitters[29] and it releases these neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles via vesicular monoamine transporter 2.[30] It also shares many chemical and pharmacological properties with human trace amines, particularly phenethylamine and N-methylphenethylamine, the latter being an isomer of amphetamine produced within the human body.
^ abVitiello B (April 2008). "Understanding the risk of using medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with respect to physical growth and cardiovascular function". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 17 (2): 459–74, xi. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.010. PMC 2408826. PMID 18295156.
^ abGraham J, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, Dittmann RW, et al. (January 2011). "European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 20 (1): 17–37. doi:10.1007/s00787-010-0140-6. eISSN 1435-165X. PMC 3012210. PMID 21042924.
^ abKociancic T, Reed MD, Findling RL (March 2004). "Evaluation of risks associated with short- and long-term psychostimulant therapy for treatment of ADHD in children". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 3 (2): 93–100. doi:10.1517/14740338.3.2.93. eISSN 1744-764X. PMID 15006715. S2CID 31114829.
^ abClemow DB, Walker DJ (September 2014). "The potential for misuse and abuse of medications in ADHD: a review". Postgraduate Medicine. 126 (5): 64–81. doi:10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2801. eISSN 1941-9260. PMID 25295651. S2CID 207580823.
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^Fuller K (20 February 2022). "ADHD Stimulant Prescribing Regulations & Authorities in Australia & New Zealand". AADPA. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
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^"Xelstrym- dextroamphetamine patch, extended release". DailyMed. 6 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
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^Green-Hernandez C, Singleton JK, Aronzon DZ (1 January 2001). Primary Care Pediatrics. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-7817-2008-3.|quote = Table 21.2 Medications for ADHD ... D-amphetamine ... Onset: 30 min.
^"Dexedrine, ProCentra(dextroamphetamine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". reference.medscape.com. Retrieved 4 October 2015. Onset of action: 1–1.5 hr
^ abcMillichap JG (2010). "Chapter 9: Medications for ADHD". In Millichap JG (ed.). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD (2nd ed.). New York, USA: Springer. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-4419-1396-8. Table 9.2 Dextroamphetamine formulations of stimulant medication Dexedrine [Peak:2–3 h] [Duration:5–6 h] ... Adderall [Peak:2–3 h] [Duration:5–7 h] Dexedrine spansules [Peak:7–8 h] [Duration:12 h] ... Adderall XR [Peak:7–8 h] [Duration:12 h] Vyvanse [Peak:3–4 h] [Duration:12 h]
^Brams M, Mao AR, Doyle RL (September 2008). "Onset of efficacy of long-acting psychostimulants in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Postgrad. Med. 120 (3): 69–88. doi:10.3810/pgm.2008.09.1909. PMID 18824827. S2CID 31791162. Onset of efficacy was earliest for d-MPH-ER at 0.5 hours, followed by d, l-MPH-LA at 1 to 2 hours, MCD at 1.5 hours, d, l-MPH-OR at 1 to 2 hours, MAS-XR at 1.5 to 2 hours, MTS at 2 hours, and LDX at approximately 2 hours. ... MAS-XR, and LDX have a long duration of action at 12 hours postdose
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^ abMignot EJ (October 2012). "A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes". Neurotherapeutics. 9 (4): 739–752. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9. PMC 3480574. PMID 23065655.
^Stahl SM (March 2017). "Amphetamine (D)". Prescriber's Guide: Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology (6th ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–44. ISBN 978-1-108-22874-9. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
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^Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W (2013). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 648. ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0. Alternatively, direct oxidation of amphetamine by DA β-hydroxylase can afford norephedrine.
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Dextroamphetamine (INN:dexamfetamine) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and enantiomer of amphetamine that is prescribed for the treatment...
of equal parts racemic amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, which produces a (3:1) ratio between dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine, the two enantiomers...
inactive prodrug that works after being converted by the body into dextroamphetamine, a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. Chemically, lisdexamfetamine...
the late 1920s. It exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free...
amphetamine molecule. Racemic amphetamine contains two optical isomers, dextroamphetamine, and levoamphetamine. The first patented amphetamine brand, Benzedrine...
amobarbital (previously called amylbarbitone and its brand name Amytal) and dextroamphetamine sulfate (Dexedrine) within the same pill. It was widely abused, and...
substituted for dextroamphetamine more closely than either 3- or 4-methylamphetamine, although with only around 1/10 the potency of dextroamphetamine itself....
methamphetamine and the dextrorotatory optical isomer of amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, were synthesized. This synthesis was a by-product of a search for...
States. Others included Dexamyl and Desbutal pills. Eskatrol contained dextroamphetamine sulfate (Dexedrine) and prochlorperazine (Compazine), a typical antipsychotic...
containing all or mostly dextroamphetamine. Presently, it is typically prescribed as mixed amphetamine salts, dextroamphetamine, and lisdexamfetamine. Amphetamine...
in place of the chlorpromazine; and methamphetamine, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, co-phenylcaine (lidocaine and phenylephrine hydrochloride), methylphenidate...
enantiomers. A single Adderall dose combines the neutral sulfate salts of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, with the dextro isomer of amphetamine saccharate...
after ingestion; however, small amounts are also metabolized into dextroamphetamine. In commercial production, clobenzorex is supplied as the hydrochloride...
there are also prescription drugs including mixed amphetamine salts, dextroamphetamine, and lisdexamfetamine. Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 by...
Dexys "song". The band's name was derived from Dexedrine, a brand of dextroamphetamine used as a recreational drug among Northern soul fans to give them...
suppressant activity include: Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine is known to hamper appetite. Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine is used to treat Attention deficit hyperactivity...
Livedo reticularis associated with rasagiline Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine-induced peripheral vasculopathy Gefitinib Obstruction of capillaries:...
large amounts of "speed" (stimulants), in the form of Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine), an amphetamine twice as strong as Benzedrine, to American servicemen...