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Amphetamine type stimulants (ATS) are a group of synthetic drugs that are chemical derivatives of the parent compound alpha-methylphenethylamine, also known as amphetamine. Common ATS includes amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA).[1] ATS when used illicitly has street names including ice, meth, crystal, crank, bennies, and speed. Within the group of amphetamine-type stimulants, there are also prescription drugs including mixed amphetamine salts, dextroamphetamine, and lisdexamfetamine.
Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 by the Romanian chemist Lazar Edeleano.[2][3] It has since been used to treat a range of disorders from asthma to ADHD and illicitly for recreational purposes. Amphetamine-type stimulants contain chemical groups including unsubstituted phenyl ring, a methyl group at the alpha-position, and primary amino group, which accounts for its psychostimulant activities. ATS with multiple substitutions on the phenyl ring has a hallucinogenic effect on top of the psychostimulant effect, and are categorised as the ecstasy-class drugs.[4]
Amphetamine-type stimulants in general are sympathomimetic amine that stimulates the central nervous system, also proven to cause insomnia, arousal, and reduced hunger. Due to its physiological and psychological effects, ATS has been used to suppress appetite, improve cognitive performance, as well as treating ADHD, depression, and narcolepsy. Amphetamine type stimulants are also known for their addictive property and widespread problem of substance abuse. The adverse effects of ATS, especially when chronically used, include obsessive–compulsive tendencies, anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, aggression, mania and in extreme cases, amphetamine psychosis.
^Cao DN, Shi JJ, Hao W, Wu N, Li J (June 2016). "Advances and challenges in pharmacotherapeutics for amphetamine-type stimulants addiction". European Journal of Pharmacology. 780: 129–35. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.040. PMID 27018393.
^McCreary AC, Mueller CP, Filip M (January 2015). "Psychostimulants: basic and clinical pharmacology.". In Taba P, Lees A, Sikk K (eds.). International Review of Neurobiology. The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse. Vol. 120. Academic Press. pp. 41–83. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.008. ISBN 9780128029787. PMID 26070753.
^Edeleano L (1887). "Ueber einige Derivate der Phenylmethacrylsäure und der Phenylisobuttersäure". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 20 (1): 616–622. doi:10.1002/cber.188702001142. ISSN 1099-0682.
^Cite error: The named reference :9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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Amphetamine (contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit...
of amphetamine. Both enantiomers are stimulants, but differ enough to give Adderall an effects profile distinct from those of racemic amphetamine or dextroamphetamine...
performance. Some of the most common stimulants are caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, and modafinil. Stimulants work by affecting the levels of certain...
(INN:dexamfetamine) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and enantiomer of amphetamine that is prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit...
Amphetamine and methamphetamine are central nervous system stimulants used to treat a variety of conditions. When used recreationally, they are colloquially...
PMID 30731099. S2CID 72333584. Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent amphetamine-typestimulant that has high abuse potential and can be smoked, snorted, injected...
the amphetamine core structure with substituents. The compounds in this class span a variety of pharmacological subclasses, including stimulants, empathogens...
Nations treaty designed to control psychoactive drugs such as amphetamine-typestimulants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and psychedelics signed in Vienna...
Asia, which by 2014 accounted for more than 50 percent of global amphetamine-typestimulant consumers. On 16 June 2016, the National Council for Peace and...
ganglia. Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and effectiveness of long-term continuous amphetamine use for the treatment of...
defined in the DSM-5 as "the continued use of amphetamine-type substances, cocaine, or other stimulants leading to clinically significant impairment or...
Heinzerling KG, Shoptaw S (September 2013). "Pharmacotherapy of amphetamine-typestimulant dependence: an update". Drug and Alcohol Review. 32 (5): 449–460...
XR-ODT (amphetamine extended-release orally disintegrating tablet) contains a 3 to 1 ratio of d- to l-amphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant. "Adzenys...
serve them, and the pimp tricks Milo into snorting speed (an amphetaminetypestimulant) as a prank. Rexho and the pimp attempt to sell the girl to Jeanette...
manufacture of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances." Control of amphetamine-typestimulant precursors has become a major UN priority. Article 3 of the Convention...
have demonstrated positive effects in treating addiction to amphetamine-typestimulants. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have shown to be a potential...
July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023. "2011 Global Assessment of Amphetamine-TypeStimulants" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. "Why would...
2016). "Advances and challenges in pharmacotherapeutics for amphetamine-typestimulants addiction". European Journal of Pharmacology. 780: 129–135. doi:10...
appear to be modestly less effective than the stimulants (amphetamine and methylphenidate) and non-stimulants (atomoxetine and viloxazine) at reducing symptoms...
Methylphenidate and other ADHD stimulants also improve task saliency and increase arousal. Stimulants such as amphetamine and methylphenidate can improve...
Australian evidence of the relationship between amphetamine‐typestimulant prescribing and meth/amphetamine use. It reviewed Western Australian (WA) evidence...
the substituted amphetamine classes of drugs. MDMA is structurally similar to mescaline (a psychedelic), methamphetamine (a stimulant), as well as endogenous...
amphetaminetypestimulants and crystal methamphetamine found by the Australian Customs has been increasing, to 1,075 kilograms of amphetamine-type stimulants...
cannabinoids. It may be useful as an adjunct therapy for addictions to amphetamine-typestimulants, but more clinical research is required. Current medical reviews...
diverted for production of heroin and cocaine, as well as many amphetamine-typestimulants. China and its neighbor India are the leading exporters of bulk...
Global Information