Mobile genetic element in the primate genome (including human genome)
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An Alu element is a short stretch of DNA originally characterized by the action of the Arthrobacter luteus (Alu) restriction endonuclease.[1]Alu elements are the most abundant transposable elements in the human genome, present in excess of one million copies.[2]Alu elements were thought to be selfish or parasitic DNA, because their sole known function is self reproduction. However, they are likely to play a role in evolution and have been used as genetic markers.[3][4] They are derived from the small cytoplasmic 7SL RNA, a component of the signal recognition particle. Alu elements are highly conserved within primate genomes and originated in the genome of an ancestor of Supraprimates.[5]
Alu insertions have been implicated in several inherited human diseases and in various forms of cancer.
The study of Alu elements has also been important in elucidating human population genetics and the evolution of primates, including the evolution of humans.
Karyotype from a female human lymphocyte (46, XX). Chromosomes were hybridized with a probe for Alu elements (green) and counterstained with TOPRO-3 (red). Alu elements were used as a marker for chromosomes and chromosome bands rich in genes.
^Schmid, Carl W; Deininger, Prescott L (1975). "Sequence organization of the human genome". Cell. 6 (3): 345–58. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(75)90184-1. PMID 1052772. S2CID 42804857.
^Szmulewicz, Martin N; Novick, Gabriel E; Herrera, Rene J (1998). "Effects of Alu insertions on gene function". Electrophoresis. 19 (8–9): 1260–4. doi:10.1002/elps.1150190806. PMID 9694261. S2CID 45917758.
^Kidwell, Margaret G; Lisch, Damon R (2001). "Perspective: Transposable Elements, Parasitic Dna, and Genome Evolution". Evolution. 55 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[0001:ptepda]2.0.co;2. PMID 11263730. S2CID 25273865.
^Pray, Leslie (2008). "Functions and Utility of Alu Jumping Genes". Scitable.com. Nature. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
^Kriegs, Jan Ole; Churakov, Gennady; Jurka, Jerzy; Brosius, Jürgen; Schmitz, Jürgen (2007). "Evolutionary history of 7SL RNA-derived SINEs in Supraprimates". Trends in Genetics. 23 (4): 158–61. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2007.02.002. PMID 17307271.
An Aluelement is a short stretch of DNA originally characterized by the action of the Arthrobacter luteus (Alu) restriction endonuclease. Alu elements...
play an important role in disease development. Porphyria Insertion of Aluelement into the PBGD gene leads to interference with the coding region and leads...
Aluelement and LINE allows SINE copy and pasting. SVA elements are present at lower levels than SINES and LINEs in humans. The starts of SVA and Alu...
endogenous element that SINE was derived from and was able to parasitically utilize its transcriptional machinery. For example, the 5' of the Alu sine is...
thousand copies of Alu repetitive element in human genome, which means one Aluelement exists in 4 to 6 kb averagely. Alu elements are distributed widely...
can be primed by RNA, including RNA hairpin primers produced by the Aluelement. As with other transposable elements, the host organism keeps a heavy...
Horsthemke B, Lau S, Keil T, Lee YA, Grueters A, Krude H (2012). "An Aluelement-associated hypermethylation variant of the POMC gene is associated with...
so they rely on the proteins encoded by LINEs for transposition. The Aluelement is the most common SINE found in primates. It is about 350 base pairs...
Aluelement insertion is selected, amplified and evaluated in terms of size of the fragment. The sex assay utilizes AluSTXa for the X chromosome, AluSTYa...
chromosome 13 in humans. Polymerase chain reaction studies have found Aluelement insertions, small pieces of genetic code in genomes, can infer primate...
that defines DE is the Y-chromosome Alu Polymorphism "YAP". The mutation was caused when a strand of DNA, known as Alu, inserted a copy of itself into the...
arithmetic–logic unit (ALU) that performs arithmetic and logic operations, processor registers that supply operands to the ALU and store the results of ALU operations...
response to intracellular pathogens. The gene has been disabled by an Aluelement for at least 25 million years in the primate lineage leading to great...
fastest machine in the world. The ILLIAC approach of using separate ALUs for each data element is not common to later designs, and is often referred to under...
Aluminium (Aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than that of...
gene conversion network, thereby allowing new genes to evolve. The shorter Alu or SINE repetitive DNA are specialized for uncoupling intrachromosomal gene...
instruction code. Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register. If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, instruct the...
other repetitive elements. The expansion of repetitive elements (such as Alu sequences) has even infiltrated the transcriptional units of the mammalian...
may be ali-, agil-, or alu-. In German, Alruna was also used as a short form of Adelruna, a different name with a first element *athal- "noble". In Germanic...
SH3-binding domain. 325 L V T T P V S P A P T T P V T P L G T T P P S S 359 An Aluelement was identified in the 3`-UTR of the longest mRNA transcript variant It...
BC200 RNA gene and additional Alu sequences. The gamma pseudogene contains an inverted long interspersed nuclear element (LINE). They both have transpositional...
Cullen BR (June 2006). "Cellular inhibitors of long interspersed element 1 and Alu retrotransposition". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences...
most complex element of the CPU is the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) which provides the computational functionality of the computer. The ALU is a combinational...
amount of ALUs because intra-cluster communication is common and thus needs to be highly efficient. To keep those ALUs fetched with data, each ALU is equipped...
to the A side of the ALU Connect register 7 to the B side of the ALU Set the ALU to perform two's-complement addition Set the ALU's carry input to zero...
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