Additive effect in pharmacology describes the situation when the combining effects of two drugs equal the sum of the effects of the two drugs acting independently.[1][2] The concept of additive effect is derived from the concept of synergy. It was introduced by the scientists in pharmacology and biochemistry fields in the process of understanding the synergistic interaction between drugs and chemicals over the century.
Additive effect often occurs when two similar drugs are taken together to achieve the same degree of therapeutic effect while reducing the specific adverse effect of one particular drug. For example, aspirin, paracetamol, and caffeine are formulated together to treat pain caused by tension headaches and migraine.
Additive effect can be used to detect synergy as it can be considered as the baseline effect in methods determining whether drugs have synergistic effect. Synergistic effect is similar to additive effect, having a combination effect greater than additive effect. It can produce an effect of 2+2 > 4 when two drugs are used together. Additive effect can also be found in a majority of combination therapies, although synergistic effect is more common. If the combination of two drugs in combination therapy has an effect lower than the sum of the effects of the two drugs acting independently, also known as antagonistic effect, the drugs will seldom be prescribed together in the same therapy.
Drug or chemical combinations with additive effects can cause adverse effects. For example, co-administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and glucocorticoids increases the risk of gastric bleeding.[3]
^Government of Canada, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (2019). "Synergism and related terms : OSH Answers". www.ccohs.ca. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
^Rowland, M., & Tozer, T. (2011). Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics [electronic resource] : Concepts and applications (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott William & Wilkins.
^Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Additiveeffect in pharmacology describes the situation when the combining effects of two drugs equal the sum of the effects of the two drugs acting independently...
inverse operation, double additive inverse has no net effect: −(−x) = x. For a number (and more generally in any ring), the additive inverse can be calculated...
offspring, parent-offspring resemblance depends upon the average effect of single alleles. Additive variance represents, therefore, the genetic component of variance...
(i.e. they have an additiveeffect). When multiple EPSPs occur on a single patch of postsynaptic membrane, their combined effect is the sum of the individual...
stomach cramps or spasms, e.g. hyoscine. Additiveeffect. Nausea and vomiting, e.g. cyclizine. Additiveeffect. Parasympathetic stimulation, e.g. bethanechol...
products and steroidal compounds. The additives might impact feed presentation, hygiene, digestibility, or effect on intestinal health. Methionine, lysine...
sleep hygiene (e.g., improving sleep patterns) are thought to have an additiveeffect on treating dysthymic symptoms and preventing them from worsening....
Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance taste, appearance, or other sensory qualities. Some additives have been used...
work together to produce an effect more potent than if each antibiotic were applied singly. Compare to the additiveeffect, where the potency of an antibiotic...
level of species richness,: 331 additional species may have little additiveeffect unless they differ substantially from species already present.: 324 ...
combination with citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. This additiveeffect highlights muscimol's potential in pain management. Decision Making...
muscle, beta-adrenergic antagonists, including propranolol, have an additiveeffect with other drugs which decrease blood pressure, or which decrease cardiac...
limbs in snakes, it is likely that multiple gene mutations had an additiveeffect leading to limb loss in snakes In regions where winters are too cold...
primary colors can be predicted by an appropriate mixing model (e.g., additive, subtractive) that reflects the physics of how light interacts with physical...
3D printing or additive manufacturing is the construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model. It can be done in a variety...
choose different additives for each use. Additives comprise up to 5% by weight of some oils. Nearly all commercial motor oils contain additives, whether the...
Zopiclone also interacts with trimipramine and caffeine. Alcohol has an additiveeffect when combined with zopiclone, enhancing the adverse effects including...
treated plot with results corrected for immigration and emigration, the additiveeffect of both acetaminophen and mice usage shows a 0% survival rate of the...
relate to one another. Two mutations are considered to be purely additive if the effect of the double mutation is the sum of the effects of the single mutations...
bisphosphonate zoledronic acid – caused excitement because they demonstrated an additiveeffect on decreasing disease relapses at bone or other sites. A number of...
ketoconazole, itraconazole and clarithromycin. Alcohol also has an additiveeffect when used concurrently with eszopiclone. Eszopiclone is most effective...
coadministered with other opioid antagonists, there is a potential for additiveeffect and increased risk of opioid withdrawal. Chemically, naloxegol is a...
moxifloxacin. Drugs that prolong the QT interval (e.g., pimozide) may have an additiveeffect on QT prolongation and lead to increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias...
(2014) Sunset yellow FCF (110) FDA December 2009 Color Additive Status List EU Food Additive Database Sunset Yellow FCF/Orange Yellow S Archived 2016-03-04...
Global Information