Dependent acrocyanosis in Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome patient
Specialty
Cardiology
Vascular disease
Acrocyanosis is persistent blue or cyanotic discoloration of the extremities, most commonly occurring in the hands, although it also occurs in the feet and distal parts of face.[1][2][3][4] Although described over 100 years ago and not uncommon in practice, the nature of this phenomenon is still uncertain.[5] The very term "acrocyanosis" is often applied inappropriately in cases when blue discoloration of the hands, feet, or parts of the face is noted.[1]
The principal (primary) form of acrocyanosis is that of a benign cosmetic condition,[2] sometimes caused by a relatively benign neurohormonal disorder.[3] Regardless of its cause, the benign form typically does not require medical treatment. A medical emergency would ensue if the extremities experience prolonged periods of exposure to the cold, particularly in children and patients with poor general health.[3] However, frostbite differs from acrocyanosis because pain (via thermal nociceptors) often accompanies the former condition, while the latter is very rarely associated with pain. There are also a number of other conditions that affect hands, feet, and parts of the face with associated skin color changes that need to be differentiated from acrocyanosis: Raynaud phenomenon, pernio, acrorygosis, erythromelalgia, and blue finger syndrome. The diagnosis may be challenging in some cases, especially when these syndromes co-exist.[1]
Acrocyanosis may be a sign of a more serious medical problem, such as connective tissue diseases and diseases associated with central cyanosis. Other causative conditions include infections, toxicities, antiphospholipid syndrome, cryoglobulinemia, neoplasms. In these cases, the observed cutaneous changes are known as "secondary acrocyanosis". They may have a less symmetric distribution and may be associated with pain and tissue loss.[1][2]
^ abcdKurklinsky AK, Miller VM, Rooke TW. "Acrocyanosis: The Flying Dutchman." Vascular Medicine 2011 Aug;16(4):288-301
^ abcOlin, J.W. (2004). Other peripheral arterial diseases. In L. Goldman & D. Ausiello (Eds.), Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 22nd Edition. (Vol 1, pp. 475). Philadelphia: WB Saunders ISBN 0-7216-9653-8
^ abcCreager, M.A. & Dzau, V.J. (2005). Vascular diseases of the extremities. In D.L. Kasper, A.S. Fauci, D.L. Longo, E. Braunwald, S.L. Hauser, & J.L Jameson (Eds.), Harrison's Prins of Internal Medicine (16th ed., pp. 1490). New York: McGraw-Hill ISBN 0-07-140235-7
^(2006). Peripheral vascular disorders. In R.S. Porter, T.V. Jones, & M.H. Beer (Eds.), Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy (18th ed., ch. 212). New York: Wiley, John & Sons ISBN 0-911910-18-2
^Coffman, Jay D. (2006), "Acrocyanosis", Vascular Medicine, Elsevier, pp. 707–710, doi:10.1016/b978-0-7216-0284-4.50055-5, ISBN 978-0-7216-0284-4, retrieved 2021-07-30
as "secondary acrocyanosis". They may have a less symmetric distribution and may be associated with pain and tissue loss. Acrocyanosis is characterized...
backronym Skin color blue or pale all over blue at extremities, body pink (acrocyanosis) no cyanosis body and extremities pink Appearance Pulse rate absent < 100...
vasodilator that is used to treat spasms of peripheral blood vessels (as in acrocyanosis). It has also been used (in conjunction with sodium nitroprusside) successfully...
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contraceptives. Assistant in the treatment of Raynaud's Phenomenon and peripheral acrocyanosis. Testosterone and other anabolics tend to be potent vasodilators, which...
Erythrocyanosis crurum is a skin condition, a variant of acrocyanosis caused by chronic exposure to cold. Chilblains List of cutaneous conditions Otto...
over 70 years Children People over 60 years Typical symptoms Anemia, acrocyanosis Dark urine, fever, chills, back or leg pain Palpable purpura, arthralgias...
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limited to, hot and cold temperatures, friction, and moisture. Abrasion Acrocyanosis Actinic prurigo (familial polymorphous light eruption of American Indians...
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cutaneous manifestations of purpura, blue discoloration of the arms or legs (acrocyanosis), necrosis, ulcers, and livedo reticularis; spontaneous nose bleeds,...
should be clear and equal in both lungs. Abdominal breathing is normal. Acrocyanosis is a normal finding. Assessments/Interventions: Suctioning of nasal and...
passage of red blood cells through capillaries in the extremities causes acrocyanosis and Raynaud phenomenon with a rare complication of gangrene Spherocytes...
Thrombotic occlusion of distal vessels may result in blue toe syndrome, and acrocyanosis. Untreated, some 30% of those affected develop acute thrombosis and distal...
circulatory disease marked by an association of ovarian insufficiency and acrocyanosis with vasomotor-trophic disturbance of the skin, and disturbances of sensitivity...
more symptomatic during the colder months. Cold agglutinin-mediated acrocyanosis differs from Raynaud phenomenon. In Raynaud phenomena, caused by vasospasm...
discoloration in the hands and feet due to reduced oxygen in the blood (acrocyanosis). Chronic diarrhea is another common feature of ethylmalonic encephalopathy...
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