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At the end of pregnancy, the fetus must take the journey of childbirth to leave the reproductive mother. Upon its entry to the air-breathing world, the newborn must begin to adjust to life outside the uterus. This is true for all viviparous animals; this article discusses humans as the most-researched example.[citation needed]
The outside environment is a drastic change for the neonate, therefore the neonate must be assessed frequently and thoroughly. The Apgar scale is an assessment performed immediately following birth. It consists of the assessment of heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and generalized skin color. Apgar scoring is performed one minute and five minutes after birth. Scoring ranges from 0 to 10, with 0 indicating severe neonatal distress and 10 indicating a smooth transition to extrauterine life.[1]
Newborns transitioning into extrauterine life will undergo periods of reactivity. These periods are divided into three stages. The first stage occurs in the first 30 minutes of life; during this stage the infant is alert and responsive with heart rate peaking at 160-180 beats per minute and then stabilizes to a baseline rate of 100-120 beats per minute. Crackles upon auscultation and irregular respirations are a normal finding. In the second stage, there is a decrease in responsiveness and motor activity which is often manifested as sleep. This period can last from 1–2 hours. The third stage marks the second period of reactivity. This period can occur anywhere in the first 2 to 8 hours after birth and lasts anywhere from 10 minutes to several hours. Tachycardia and tachypnea may be present during brief periods. Passing of meconium also occurs.[1]
^ abLowdermilk. D.; Perry, S. E.; Cashion, K.; Alden, K.R. (2016). Maternity & Women's Health Care. St. Louis: Mosby.
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Scoring ranges from 0 to 10, with 0 indicating severe neonatal distress and 10 indicating a smooth transition toextrauterinelife. Newborns transitioning...
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immediate threat to the life of the woman or the fetus) or grade 1 (delivery required within 30 minutes of the decision: immediate threat to the life of the mother...
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to induce or to accelerate labour. The amniotic sac has to be punctured to perform amniocentesis. This is fairly routine procedure, but can lead to infection...
respiratory-related NICU admissions Improved immune function, possibly due to the infant's exposure to normal vaginal and gut bacteria during vaginal birth Different...
referring to the period of pregnancy when an upper-class, noble, or royal woman would withdraw from society in medieval and Tudor times and be confined to their...
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Oct 2005). A Paper Life. HarperCollins. pp. 14. ISBN 9780060751029. i was born breech. Shields, David (2009). The Thing about Life Is That One Day You'll...
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