Zirconium alloys are solid solutions of zirconium or other metals, a common subgroup having the trade mark Zircaloy. Zirconium has very low absorption cross-section of thermal neutrons, high hardness, ductility and corrosion resistance. One of the main uses of zirconium alloys is in nuclear technology, as cladding of fuel rods in nuclear reactors, especially water reactors. A typical composition of nuclear-grade zirconium alloys is more than 95 weight percent[1] zirconium and less than 2% of tin, niobium, iron, chromium, nickel and other metals, which are added to improve mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.[2]
The water cooling of reactor zirconium alloys elevates requirement for their resistance to oxidation-related nodular corrosion. Furthermore, oxidative reaction of zirconium with water releases hydrogen gas, which partly diffuses into the alloy and forms zirconium hydrides.[3] The hydrides are less dense and are weaker mechanically than the alloy; their formation results in blistering and cracking of the cladding – a phenomenon known as hydrogen embrittlement.[4][5]
^Alloys' constituents are usually measured by mass.
^Mary Eagleson (1994). Concise encyclopedia chemistry. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1199–. ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
^Carpenter, G.J.C.; Watters, J.F. (1978). "An in-situ study of the dissolution of γ-zirconium hydride in zirconium". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 73 (2): 190–197. Bibcode:1978JNuM...73..190C. doi:10.1016/0022-3115(78)90559-7.
^Delayed hydride cracking in zirconium alloys in pressure tube nuclear reactors, Final report of a coordinated research project 1998–2002, IAEA, October 2004
^Nuclear Fuel Fabrication Archived July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Fuel Fabrication Archived July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine World Nuclear Association, March 2010
Zirconiumalloys are solid solutions of zirconium or other metals, a common subgroup having the trade mark Zircaloy. Zirconium has very low absorption...
especially when fluorine is present. Alloys with zinc are magnetic at less than 35 K. The melting point of zirconium is 1855 °C (3371 °F), and the boiling...
rare earths and zirconium. Magnesium alloys have a hexagonal lattice structure, which affects the fundamental properties of these alloys. Plastic deformation...
named alloys grouped alphabetically by base metal. Within these headings, the alloys are also grouped alphabetically. Some of the main alloying elements...
Zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2), sometimes known as zirconia (not to be confused with zircon), is a white crystalline oxide of zirconium. Its most naturally...
zirconiumalloys used in nuclear reactors. Hafnium is a shiny, silvery, ductile metal that is corrosion-resistant and chemically similar to zirconium...
Zirconium hydride describes an alloy made by combining zirconium and hydrogen. Hydrogen acts as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the zirconium...
percentage of tin is added to zirconiumalloys for the cladding of nuclear fuel. Most metal pipes in a pipe organ are of a tin/lead alloy, with 50/50 as the most...
(W), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and zirconium (Zr). The following is a range of improved properties in alloy steels (as compared to carbon steels):...
zinc. There are two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which are further subdivided into the categories heat-treatable...
Titanium alloys are alloys that contain a mixture of titanium and other chemical elements. Such alloys have very high tensile strength and toughness (even...
for various alloys. This meant that the same number might be used for different alloys, different numbers might be used for the same alloy or different...
ceramic fuel pellets, typically contained in nuclear fuel rods clad with zirconiumalloys. Thorium is not fissile (but is "fertile", breeding fissile uranium-233...
It is a unique facility where natural and enriched uranium fuel, zirconiumalloy cladding and reactor core components are manufactured under one roof...
from nuclear-grade zirconiumalloys, that it wanted to put to commercial use. The 103rd experimental composition of the C-series alloys, Nb-10Hf-1Ti, had...
critical current. Plutonium–zirconiumalloy can be used as nuclear fuel. Plutonium–cerium and plutonium–cerium–cobalt alloys are used as nuclear fuels....
alloyed, but some metal fuels have been made with pure uranium metal. Uranium alloys that have been used include uranium aluminum, uranium zirconium,...
metal alloys developed by a California Institute of Technology (Caltech) research team and marketed by Liquidmetal Technologies. Liquidmetal alloys combine...
development of new alloys for fuel assemblies. It develops software for fabrication of zirconium sponge, shaping of zirconiumalloys, and conversion processes...