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Chemical compound
Xanthurenic acid, or xanthurenate, is a metabolic intermediate that accumulates and is excreted by pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficient animals after the ingestion of tryptophan.[1][2]
Xanthurenic acid is suspected to be an endogenous agonist for Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in humans.[3] It is also known to be a potent VGLUT inhibitor, thereby preventing the movement of glutamate from the cytoplasm into synaptic vesicles, an action that it mediates via competitive blockade of vesicular glutamate transporters (Ki = 0.19 mM).[4]
In 2015[update] researchers reported a marked reduction of xanthurenic acid levels in the serum of patients with schizophrenia.[5] A recent meta-analysis showed that blood xanthurenic acid levels are lower in individuals suffering from bipolar disorder as well.[6]
Xanthurenic acid has also been shown to induce gametogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes malaria.[7][8] It is found in the gut of the Anopheles mosquito.
^ abMerck Index, 11th Edition, 9977.
^Xanthurenic acid at Sigma-Aldrich
^Copeland, C. S.; Neale, S. A.; Salt, T. E. (2013). "Actions of Xanthurenic Acid, a putative endogenous Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, on sensory transmission in the thalamus". Neuropharmacology. 66: 133–142. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.03.009. PMID 22491023. S2CID 37921378.
^Bartlett RD, Esslinger CS, Thompson CM, Bridges RJ (1998). "Substituted quinolines as inhibitors of L-glutamate transport into synaptic vesicles". Neuropharmacology. 37 (7): 839–46. doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(98)00080-x. PMID 9776380. S2CID 39853026.
^Fazio, F.; Lionetto, L.; Curto, M. (2015). "Xanthurenic Acid Activates mGlu2/3 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors and is a Potential Trait Marker for Schizophrenia". Scientific Reports. 5: 17799. Bibcode:2015NatSR...517799F. doi:10.1038/srep17799. PMC 4672300. PMID 26643205.
^Bartoli, F; Misiak, B; Callovini, T; Cavaleri, D; Cioni, RM; Crocamo, C; Savitz, JB; Carrà, G (19 October 2020). "The kynurenine pathway in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis on the peripheral blood levels of tryptophan and related metabolites". Molecular Psychiatry. 26 (7): 3419–3429. doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00913-1. PMID 33077852. S2CID 224314102.
^Billker, O; Lindo, V; Panico, M; Etienne, AE; Paxton, T; Dell, A; Rogers, M; Sinden, RE; Morris, HR (March 19, 1998). "Identification of xanthurenic acid as the putative inducer of malaria development in the mosquito". Nature. 392 (6673): 289–292. Bibcode:1998Natur.392..289B. doi:10.1038/32667. PMID 9521324. S2CID 2584314.
^Garcia, GE; Wirtz, RA; Barr, JR; Woolfitt, A; Rosenberg, R (May 15, 1998). "Xanthurenic acid induces gametogenesis in Plasmodium, the malaria parasite". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (20): 12003–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.20.12003. PMID 9575140.
Xanthurenicacid, or xanthurenate, is a metabolic intermediate that accumulates and is excreted by pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficient animals after the...
kynurenine pathway include tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenicacid, quinolinic acid, and 3-hydroxykynurenine. The kynurenine pathway is responsible...
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis...
between aspartate and glutamate and, as such, is an important enzyme in amino acid metabolism. AST is found in the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain...
insufficient to produce behavioural changes seen in those studies. Xanthurenicacid Liebig, J., Uber Kynurensäure, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem., 86: 125-126...
aspartic acid is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins. D-aspartic acid is one of two D-amino acids commonly...
decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and carbon dioxide...
pyridoxamine in the first phase of the reaction, when an amino acid is converted into a keto acid.[citation needed] ALT is commonly measured clinically as part...
Etienne AE, Paxton T, Dell A, et al. (March 1998). "Identification of xanthurenicacid as the putative inducer of malaria development in the mosquito". Nature...
L-gamma-glutamylethylamide or N5-ethyl-L-glutamine, is an amino acid analogue of the proteinogenic amino acids L-glutamate and L-glutamine and is found primarily in...
instance, a GTP molecule is generated by one of the enzymes in the citric acid cycle. This is tantamount to the generation of one molecule of ATP, since...
of enantiomers D- and L-valine (Val), D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, and L-lactic acid. Structures are alternately bound via amide and ester bridges....
trichonephila genus of spiders has a yellow-colored web and this is due to the Xanthurenicacid content in the web, believed to assist the spider in attracting its...
sunlight. Carotenoids are the main contributors to this yellow color, but xanthurenicacid, two quinones, and an unknown compound may also aid in the color. Experimental...
An amino acid transporter is a membrane transport protein that transports amino acids. They are mainly of the solute carrier family. There are several...
sunlight. Carotenoids are the main contributors to this yellow color, but xanthurenicacid, two quinones, and an unknown compound may also aid in the color. Experimental...
tryptophan–niacin conversion. This can be detected based on urinary excretion of xanthurenicacid after an oral tryptophan load. Vitamin B6 deficiency can also result...
transporters is composed of two primary subclasses: the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) family and vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) family...
inhibits bacteria; it consists of two alanine residues and a unique amino acid that is an analog of glutamate that they named "phosphinothricin".: 90 They...
pregnancy is safe for the baby. Cycloserine is similar in structure to the amino acid D-alanine and works by interfering with the formation of the bacteria's cell...
ions. This excretion of ammonium ions is an important mechanism of renal acid-base regulation. During chronic acidosis, glutaminase is induced in the kidney...
epigallocatechin-3-gallate, is the ester of epigallocatechin and gallic acid, and is a type of catechin. EGCG – the most abundant catechin in tea – is...
Kainic acid, or kainate, is an acid that naturally occurs in some seaweed. Kainic acid is a potent neuroexcitatory amino acid agonist that acts by activating...
4,4′-Diisothiocyano-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid (DIDS) is an anion exchange inhibitor, blocking reversibly, and later irreversibly, exchangers such as...
α-ketoglutarate and ammonia). In bacteria, the ammonia is assimilated to amino acids via glutamate and aminotransferases. In plants, the enzyme can work in either...
phosphate Glutamine synthetase uses ammonia produced by nitrate reduction, amino acid degradation, and photorespiration. The amide group of glutamate is a nitrogen...
medications: Aspirin and other salicylates Other diuretics (e.g. ethacrynic acid, hydrochlorothiazide) Synergistic effects with other antihypertensives (e...
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