Western parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
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For territory acquired by Poland in 20th century, see Recovered Territories.
Territorial evolution of Poland in the 20th century
Pre-World War II
Revolution in Congress Poland (1905–1907)
Ostrowiec Republic
Zagłębie Republic
Separation of Kholm Governorate from Congress Poland and annexation into Russian Kiev General Governorate (1913)
Act of 5th November by the Central Powers proclaiming Kingdom of Poland (1916)
Central Powers-Ukrainian People's Republic/Ukrainian State Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
Central Powers-Soviet Russia Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
Short-lived Byelorussian, Ukrainian and Rusyn republics (1917-1920): West Ukrainian People's (later absorbed into Poland-allied Ukrainian People 's), Belarusian Democratic, Lemko, Komancza
Local revolts and transient polities in postwar power vacuum (1918)
Tarnobrzeg Republic
Republic of Zakopane
First Republic of Pińczów
Witkowo Revolt
Republic of Ostrów
Restoration of Polish independence (1918) and ensuing wars to preseve it (1918-1922):
Greater Poland uprising
Silesian Uprisings
Polish–Czechoslovak War
Polish-West Ukrainian War
War of Polish-Ukrainian alliance against Soviet Russia (1920-1921) and its satellites:
Ukrainian SSR
short-lived Galician SSR later merged into the former
short-lived SSR of Lithuania and Belorussia
attempted Polish SSR later dissolved and replaced with token Polish National Districts
Polish-Lithuanian War
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
Suwałki Agreement (1920)
Treaty of Warsaw (1920) with Ukrainian People's Republic
1920 East Prussian plebiscite (1920)
Polish satellite states
Republic of Central Lithuania (1920-1922)
Free City of Danzig under League of Nations protection (1921-1939)
Peace of Riga (1921): eastern border of Poland accepted by Russian SFSR and its satellites (Byelorussian SSR which replaced SSR of Lithuania and Belorussia, and Ukrainian SSR which replaced Ukrainian People's Republic)
Taken Lands (remainder of Russian partition of Poland)
Wileńszczyzna
Grodzieńszczyzna
Lwów Land
Areas of Galicia and Lodomeria east of river San
Kresy Zachodnie ("Western Borderlands")
1815-1918 used as synonymous with entire Prussian partition of Poland
1918-1945 used in altered meaning
regions unsuccessfully claimed from Germany by interwar Poland, in particular Upper Silesia, Warmia, Masuria, Powiśle, Posen-West Prussia, sometimes also Starostwo of Draheim, Lauenburg and Bütow Land and easternmost Hither Pomerania (Lands of Schlawe and Stolp)
Zaolzie
After 1945, the former eastern territories of Germany were called Recovered Territories, while the term Kresy Zachodnie fell into disuse, though it was sometimes invoked to denote Polish claims to some East German territories such as Wolgast Pomerania, Milsko, Miśnia or Lausitz, raised typically only until early 1970s as counterclaims to retaliate for West German calls for revision of Oder–Neisse line.
Demarcation lines
Greater Poland military demarcation line (1919-1920)
Cieszyn Silesia demarcation line (1918-1920)
Polish–Lithuanian demarcation line (1919-1920)
Curzon Line (1920)
Upper Silesia demarcation line (1921-1922)
Polish–Lithuanian demarcation line (1923-1938)
Oder–Neisse line (1945–1951)
Adjacent countries
Territorial evolution of Germany
Territorial changes of the Baltic states
Territorial evolution of Russia
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Border changes in history of Poland
Western Borderlands (Polish: Kresy Zachodnie, Polish pronunciation:[ˈkrɛsɨzaˈxɔdɲɛ]) is a term used to refer to the western parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that in the partitions were annexed by Prussia. This name refers specifically to the regions of Eastern Pomerania, Greater Poland, Warmia, and occasionally Upper Silesia.
This term, styled after Eastern Borderlands (Polish: Kresy Wschodnie) was first used by Jan Chryzostom Zachariasiewicz in his novel Na kresach published in 1860, but it did not enter common usage.[1]
The 19th century history of these regions was quite different from the rest of the former Commonwealth. There were uprisings in 1806, 1846, and 1848 but the main battle between the Polish majority and large German minority was for economic domination in these provinces.
After World War I, most of this area became part of the Second Polish Republic as a result of the Greater Poland and Silesian Uprisings and decisions by the victorious Allies.[2]
During the interwar period interbellum most inhabitants of this area supported the politics of National Democracy political movement. Polish leader Józef Piłsudski was treated with considerable reserve or with open enmity. This was due to his collaboration with the Central Powers in World War I, and a perception that during the years when an independent Poland was being created Piłsudski was more interested in fighting for the Eastern Borderlands to become part of the new state than in fighting for the western Kresy Zachodnie. Following the end of World War II the region continued as part of Poland.[3]
^"Kresy zachodnie i kresy wschodnie w odrodzonej Rzeczypospolitej - Serwis Województwa Śląskiego".
^"Border-making and nation-building".
^"Shifting Poland - Polish History Museum — Google Arts & Culture".
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