This article is about historical slavery in Africa. For modern slavery in Africa, see Slavery in contemporary Africa.
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Slavery has historically been widespread in Africa. Systems of servitude and slavery were common in parts of Africa in ancient times, as they were in much of the rest of the ancient world.[1] When the trans-Saharan slave trade, Red Sea slave trade, Indian Ocean slave trade and Atlantic slave trade (which started in the 16th century) began, many of the pre-existing local African slave systems began supplying captives for slave markets outside Africa.[2][3] Slavery in contemporary Africa is still practised despite it being illegal.
In the relevant literature African slavery is categorized into indigenous slavery and export slavery, depending on whether or not slaves were traded beyond the continent.[4]
Slavery in historical Africa was practised in many different forms: Debt slavery, enslavement of war captives, military slavery, slavery for prostitution, and enslavement of criminals were all practised in various parts of Africa.[5] Slavery for domestic and court purposes was widespread throughout Africa. Plantation slavery also occurred, primarily on the eastern coast of Africa and in parts of West Africa. The importance of domestic plantation slavery increased during the 19th century, due to the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade. Many African states dependent on the international slave trade reoriented their economies towards legitimate commerce worked by slave labour.[6]
^Stilwell, Sean (2013), "Slavery in African History", Slavery and Slaving in African History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 38, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139034999.003, ISBN 978-1-139-03499-9, For most Africans between 10000 BCE to 500 CE, the use of slaves was not an optimal political or economic strategy. But in some places, Africans came to see the value of slavery. In the large parts of the continent where Africans lived in relatively decentralized and small-scale communities, some big men used slavery to grab power to get around broader governing ideas about reciprocity and kinship, but were still bound by those ideas to some degree. In other parts of the continent early political centralization and commercialization led to expanded use of slaves as soldiers, officials, and workers.
^Cite error: The named reference Lovejoy-2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Sparks, Randy J. (2014). "4. The Process of Enslavement at Annamaboe". Where the Negroes are Masters : An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade. Harvard University Press. pp. 122–161. ISBN 9780674724877.
^Dirk Bezemer, Jutta Bolt, Robert Lensink, "Slavery, Statehood and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa", AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY WORKING PAPER SERIES, No. 6/2012, p. 6
^Foner, Eric (2012). Give Me Liberty: An American History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 18.
^David Eltis; Stanley L. Engerman; Seymour Drescher; David Richardson, eds. (2017). "Slavery in Africa, 1804-1936". The Cambridge World History of Slavery. Vol. 4. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139046176. ISBN 9781139046176.
The continent of Africa is one of the regions most rife with contemporary slavery. SlaveryinAfrica has a long history, within Africa since before historical...
Slaveryin South Africa existed from 1653 in the Dutch Cape Colony until the abolition of slaveryin the British Cape Colony on 1 January 1834. This followed...
Slavery existed in the Sultanate of Zanzibar until 1909. Slavery and slave trade existed in the Zanzibar Archipelago for thousands of years. When clove...
as an established institution. Slavery was widespread in the ancient world in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. It became less common throughout...
Slavery has been called "deeply rooted" in the structure of the northwest African country of Mauritania and estimated to be "closely tied" to the ethnic...
slavery, comprising the enslavement primarily of Africans and African Americans, was prevalent in the United States of America from its founding in 1776...
Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work with the slave's location...
concubinage in the Muslim world Slaveryin 21st-century jihadism SlaveryinAfricaSlaveryin Asia Slaveryin Iraq Slaveryin Syria Slaveryin Oman Slaveryin Mauritania...
Reparations for slavery Slave Trade Acts Sexual slaverySlavery at common law Slaveryin modern AfricaSlaveryin the 21st century Timeline of the civil rights...
White slavery (also white slave trade or white slave trafficking) refers to the slavery of Europeans, whether by non-Europeans (such as West Asians and...
Slaveryin Ethiopia existed for centuries, going as far back as 1495 BC and ending in 1942. There are also sources indicating the export of slaves from...
in Qatar Slaveryin the United Arab Emirates Slaveryin Yemen Slaveryin antiquity Slaveryin medieval Europe Slaveryin contemporary Africa Slaves freed...
slave trade Slaveryin ancient Greece Slaveryin ancient Rome Slaveryin antiquity Slaveryin medieval Europe Slaveryin modern AfricaSlaveryin 21st-century...
Slavery existed in Morocco since antiquity until the 20th-century. Morocco was a center of the Trans-Saharan slave trade route of enslaved Black Africans...
Acts Slaveryin Britain Slaveryin Canada Slaveryin contemporary AfricaSlaveryin the colonial United States Slaveryin the Ottoman Empire Slaveryin the...
Slavery existed in the Comoros until 1904. The Comoros was as a player in the Indian Ocean slave trade, where slaves from the Swahili coast of Eastern...
Slaveryin Libya has a long history and a lasting impact on the Libyan culture. It is closely connected with the wider context of slaveryin North African...
King of Lagos", deposed in 1851. Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers. The largest powers of West Africa (the Asante Confederacy...
Slaveryin Mali exists today, with as many as 200,000 people held in direct servitude to a master. Since 2006, a movement called Temedt has been active...
Slaveryin Britain existed before the Roman occupation and until the 11th century, when the Norman conquest of England resulted in the gradual merger of...
successful in abolishing slavery, though slavery remained active inAfrica, even though it has gradually moved to a wage economy. Slavery was never fully...
Historically, slavery has been regulated, supported, or opposed on religious grounds. In Judaism, slaves were given a range of treatments and protections...
for slavery is the application of the concept of reparations to victims of slavery and/or their descendants. There are concepts for reparations in legal...
imported African slaves into their Indian colonies on the Konkan coast between about 1530 and 1740. Under European Christianity, slaveryin India continued...
Slaveryin medieval Europe was widespread. Europe and North Africa were part of a highly interconnected trade network across the Mediterranean Sea, and...
Imbangala and the Mbundu, were active slave traders for centuries (see SlaveryinAfrica). In the late 16th century, Kingdom of Portugal's explorers founded the...
Context of Slaveryin Equatorial Africa during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". In Lovejoy, Paul (ed.). The Ideology of SlaveryinAfrica. Beverly...
led to the spread of Moorish, African, and Christian slaveryin Spain. By the 16th century, 7.4 percent of the population in Seville, Spain were slaves....