An accurate way to measure resistance and hall voltage
The van der Pauw Method is a technique commonly used to measure the resistivity and the Hall coefficient of a sample. Its power lies in its ability to accurately measure the properties of a sample of any arbitrary shape, as long as the sample is approximately two-dimensional (i.e. it is much thinner than it is wide), solid (no holes), and the electrodes are placed on its perimeter. The van der Pauw method employs a four-point probe placed around the perimeter of the sample, in contrast to the linear four point probe: this allows the van der Pauw method to provide an average resistivity of the sample, whereas a linear array provides the resistivity in the sensing direction.[1] This difference becomes important for anisotropic materials, which can be properly measured using the Montgomery Method, an extension of the van der Pauw Method (see, for instance, reference[2]).
From the measurements made, the following properties of the material can be calculated:
The resistivity of the material
The doping type (i.e. whether it is a P-type or N-type material)
The sheet carrier density of the majority carrier (the number of majority carriers per unit area). From this the charge density and doping level can be found
The mobility of the majority carrier
The method was first propounded by Leo J. van der Pauw in 1958.[3]
^Koon, D. W.; Knickerbocker, C. J. (1992). "What do you measure when you measure resistivity?". Review of Scientific Instruments. 63 (1): 207–210. Bibcode:1992RScI...63..207K. doi:10.1063/1.1142958.
^Oliveira, F. S.; Cipriano, R. B.; da Silva, F. T.; Romão, E. C.; dos Santos, C. a. M. (2020-10-02). "Simple analytical method for determining electrical resistivity and sheet resistance using the van der Pauw procedure". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 16379. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1016379O. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72097-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7532437. PMID 33009433.
^Van der Pauw, L.J. (1958). "A method of measuring specific resistivity and Hall effect of discs of arbitrary shape" (PDF). Philips Research Reports. 13: 1–9.)
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