Maximum rate of oxygen consumption as measured during incremental exercise
V̇O2 max (also maximal oxygen consumption, maximal oxygen uptake or maximal aerobic capacity) is the maximum rate of oxygen consumption attainable during physical exertion.[1][2] The name is derived from three abbreviations: "V̇" for volume (the dot over the V indicates "per unit of time" in Newton's notation), "O2" for oxygen, and "max" for maximum and usually normalized per kilogram of body mass. A similar measure is V̇O2 peak (peak oxygen consumption), which is the measurable value from a session of physical exercise, be it incremental or otherwise. It could match or underestimate the actual V̇O2 max. Confusion between the values in older and popular fitness literature is common.[3] The capacity of the lung to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide is constrained by the rate of blood oxygen transport to active tissue.
The measurement of V̇O2 max in the laboratory provides a quantitative value of endurance fitness for comparison of individual training effects and between people in endurance training. Maximal oxygen consumption reflects cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance capacity in exercise performance. Elite athletes, such as competitive distance runners, racing cyclists or Olympic cross-country skiers, can achieve V̇O2 max values exceeding 90 mL/(kg·min), while some endurance animals, such as Alaskan huskies, have V̇O2 max values exceeding 200 mL/(kg·min).
In physical training, especially in its academic literature, V̇O2 max is often used as a reference level to quantify exertion levels, such as 65% V̇O2 max as a threshold for sustainable exercise, which is generally regarded as more rigorous than heart rate, but is more elaborate to measure.
^Clemente C. J.; Withers P. C.; Thompson G. G. (2009). "Metabolic rate and endurance capacity in Australian varanid lizards (Squamata; Varanidae; Varanus)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 97 (3): 664–676. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01207.x.
^Dlugosz, Elizabeth M.; Chappell, Mark A.; Meek, Thomas H.; Szafrańska, Paulina; Zub, Karol; Konarzewski, Marek; Jones, James H.; Bicudo, Eduardo; Nespolo, Roberto F.; Careau, Vincent; Garland, Theodore (2013). "Phylogenetic analysis of mammalian maximal oxygen consumption during exercise" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 216 (24): 4712–4721. doi:10.1242/jeb.088914. PMID 24031059. S2CID 15686903.
^Smirmaul, BP; Bertucci, DR; Teixeira, IP (2013). "Is the VO2max that we measure really maximal?". Frontiers in Physiology. 4: 203. doi:10.3389/fphys.2013.00203. PMC 3733001. PMID 23935584.
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have shown that propionate increases heart rate variability (HRV) and VO2max. It also raises the resting energy expenditure and lipid oxidation in fasted...
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