Twitching motility is a form of crawling bacterial motility used to move over surfaces. Twitching is mediated by the activity of hair-like filaments called type IV pili which extend from the cell's exterior, bind to surrounding solid substrates, and retract, pulling the cell forwards in a manner similar to the action of a grappling hook.[1][2][3] The name twitching motility is derived from the characteristic jerky and irregular motions of individual cells when viewed under the microscope.[4] It has been observed in many bacterial species, but is most well studied in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Myxococcus xanthus. Active movement mediated by the twitching system has been shown to be an important component of the pathogenic mechanisms of several species.[2]
^Skerker, J. M.; Berg, H. C. (2001-06-05). "Direct observation of extension and retraction of type IV pili". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (12): 6901–6904. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.6901S. doi:10.1073/pnas.121171698. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 34450. PMID 11381130.
^ abCite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Merz, A. J.; So, M.; Sheetz, M. P. (2000-09-07). "Pilus retraction powers bacterial twitching motility". Nature. 407 (6800): 98–102. Bibcode:2000Natur.407...98M. doi:10.1038/35024105. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 10993081. S2CID 4425775.
^Henrichsen, J. (December 1972). "Bacterial surface translocation: a survey and a classification". Bacteriological Reviews. 36 (4): 478–503. doi:10.1128/br.36.4.478-503.1972. ISSN 0005-3678. PMC 408329. PMID 4631369.
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surface of low aqueous films. The mechanisms of this motility are only partially known. Twitchingmotility also allows microorganisms to travel along a surface...
swarm tendril formation. Rhamnolipids and HAAs are also implicated in twitchingmotility, similarly the surfactant is thought to lower the surface tension...
called twitchingmotility that relies on a structure called the type IV pilus, and gliding motility, that uses other mechanisms. In twitchingmotility, the...
pili is typically jerky, so it is called twitchingmotility, as opposed to other forms of bacterial motility such as that produced by flagella. However...
Gammaproteobacteria. Acinetobacter species are oxidase-negative, exhibit twitchingmotility, and occur in pairs under magnification. They are important soil organisms...
this type of motility. Myxococcus xanthus ability to use gliding motility to move is very similar to Pseudomonas aeruginosa twitchingmotility.[1] Pseudomonas...
Members of this genus are non-spore-forming, capable of moving using twitchingmotility, and obligate aerobes (requires oxygen to grow). Of these 11 species...
enterocolitica Motility Master Regulatory Operon, flhDC, Is Required for Flagellin Production, Swimming Motility, and Swarming Motility". Journal of Bacteriology...
gels may be used to assess a cell's swimming, swarming, gliding and twitchingmotility. Under-agarose cell migration assay may be used to measure chemotaxis...
pili include: mediating attachment to various cells and tissues, twitchingmotility, natural competence, microcolony formation, extensive intrastrain...
family in the proteins NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (subunit M), twitchingmotility protein PilT, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate-AMP ligase, ATP/GTP-binding protein...
pili, which have been implicated in adherence, auto-aggregation, twitchingmotility and biofilm formation. Conserved distribution of pili-coding gene...
This motility depends on the presence of the Type IV pili and diverse polysaccharides. S-motility may represent a variation of twitchingmotility since...
protein-secretion structure. Gliding-twitchingmotility arose at this stage or later and was then refined into swimming motility. The recently elucidated archaeal...
non-motile, but they have type 4 pili (fimbriae), which exhibits twitchingmotility. They are aerobic, and their aerobic growth is enhanced by high humidity...
to the movement displayed by type IV pili which is known to enable twitchingmotility. Secretion of proteins via the type II secretion system occurs in...
spores (zoospores), and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility. Many protists with flagella are known as flagellates. A microorganism...
metabolized during the "day". Cyanothece species are not flagellated. A twitchingmotility protein for sp. PCC 8802 is annotated on the protein database UniProtKB...
cells may also exhibit rapid transitions between amoeboid motility and mesenchymal motility, another form of cellular movement. Dictyostelium cells and...
S2CID 43897816. O'Toole GA, Kolter R (October 1998). "Flagellar and twitchingmotility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development". Molecular...
different lengths and diameters and their functions include adhesion and twitchingmotility. Specifically, for microorganisms that live in aqueous environments...
does not swarm. However, human intestinal isolates can often exhibit twitchingmotility. C. innocuum falls into the saccharolytic, non-proteolytic group of...
hydrophobic effects. A study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants showed that twitchingmotility by type IV pili contributes to the organism’s ability to aggregate...
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