Gliding motility is a type of translocation used by microorganisms that is independent of propulsive structures such as flagella, pili, and fimbriae.[1] Gliding allows microorganisms to travel along the surface of low aqueous films. The mechanisms of this motility are only partially known.
Twitching motility also allows microorganisms to travel along a surface, but this type of movement is jerky and uses pili as its means of transport. Bacterial gliding is a type of gliding motility that can also use pili for propulsion.
The speed of gliding varies between organisms, and the reversal of direction is seemingly regulated by some sort of internal clock.[2] For example the apicomplexans are able to travel at fast rates between 1–10 μm/s. In contrast Myxococcus xanthus bacteria glide at a rate of 0.08 μm/s.[3][4]
Cell-invasion and gliding motility have TRAP (thrombospondin-related anonymous protein), a surface protein, as a common molecular basis that is both essential for infection and locomotion of the invasive apicomplexan parasite.[5] Micronemes are secretory organelles on the apical surface of the apicomplexans used for gliding motility.
In the diagram above, right:
a)
type IV pili
A cell attaches its pili to a surface or object in the direction it is traveling. The proteins in the pili are then broken down to shrink the pili pulling the cell closer to the surface or object that was it was attached to.[6]
b)
Specific motility membrane proteins
Transmembrane proteins are attached to the host surface. This adhesion complex can either be specific to a certain type of surface like a certain cell type or generic for any solid surface. Motor proteins attached to an inner membrane force the movement of the internal cell structures in relation to the transmembrane proteins creating net movement.[7] This is driven by the proton motive force.[8] The proteins involved differ between species. An example of a bacterium that uses this mechanism would be Flavobacterium. This mechanism is still being studied and is not well understood.[9]
c)
Polysaccharide jet
The cell releases a 'jet' of polysaccharide material behind it propelling it forward. This polysaccharide material is left behind.[10]
^Nan, Beiyan (February 2017). "Bacterial gliding motility: Rolling out a consensus model". Current Biology. 27 (4): R154–R156. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.035. PMID 28222296.
^Nan, Beiyan; McBride, Mark J.; Chen, Jing; Zusman, David R.; Oster, George (February 2014). "Bacteria that glide with helical tracks". Current Biology. 24 (4): 169–174. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.12.034. PMC 3964879. PMID 24556443.
^Sibley, L. David; Håkansson, Sebastian; Carruthers, Vern B. (1998-01-01). "Gliding motility: An efficient mechanism for cell penetration". Current Biology. 8 (1): R12–R14. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70008-9. PMID 9427622.
^Sibley, L.D.I. (October 2010). "How apicomplexan parasites move in and out of cells". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 21 (5): 592–8. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2010.05.009. PMC 2947570. PMID 20580218.
^Sultan, Ali A.; Thathy, Vandana; Frevert, Ute; Robson, Kathryn J.H.; Crisanti, Andrea; Nussenzweig, Victor; Nussenzweig, Ruth S.; Ménard, Robert (1997). "TRAP is necessary for gliding motility and infectivity of plasmodium sporozoites". Cell. 90 (3): 511–522. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80511-5. PMID 9267031.
^Strom, M.S.; Lory, S. (1993-10-01). "Structure-function and Biogenesis of the Type IV Pili". Annual Review of Microbiology. 47 (1): 565–596. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.47.100193.003025. ISSN 0066-4227. PMID 7903032.
^McBride, Mark J. (2001-10-01). "Bacterial gliding motility: Multiple mechanisms for cell movement over surfaces". Annual Review of Microbiology. 55 (1): 49–75. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.49. ISSN 0066-4227. PMID 11544349.
^Dzink-Fox, J.L.; Leadbetter, E.R.; Godchaux, W. (December 1997). "Acetate acts as a protonophore and differentially affects bead movement and cell migration of the gliding bacterium Cytophaga johnsonae (Flavobacterium johnsoniae)". Microbiology. 143 (12): 3693–3701. doi:10.1099/00221287-143-12-3693. ISSN 1350-0872. PMID 9421895.
^Braun, Timothy F.; Khubbar, Manjeet K.; Saffarini, Daad A.; McBride, Mark J. (September 2005). "Flavobacterium johnsoniae Gliding Motility Genes Identified by mariner Mutagenesis". Journal of Bacteriology. 187 (20): 6943–6952. doi:10.1128/JB.187.20.6943-6952.2005. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 1251627. PMID 16199564.
^Hoiczyk, E.; Baumeister, W. (1998-10-22). "The junctional pore complex, a prokaryotic secretion organelle, is the molecular motor underlying gliding motility in cyanobacteria". Current Biology. 8 (21): 1161–1168. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(07)00487-3. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 9799733.
Glidingmotility is a type of translocation used by microorganisms that is independent of propulsive structures such as flagella, pili, and fimbriae. Gliding...
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bacteria migrating deeper via glidingmotility. Researchers investigated if the CpAL/VirSR system regulates glidingmotility. The study demonstrated that...
twitching motility is derived from the characteristic jerky and irregular motions of individual cells when viewed under the microscope. Glidingmotility is a...
Fukushima SI, Haruta S, et al. (January 2020). "Tree of motility - A proposed history of motility systems in the tree of life". Genes to Cells. 25 (1):...
Adventurous motility is as a type of glidingmotility; unlike most motility mechanisms, adventurous motility does not involve a flagellum. Glidingmotility usually...
gregarines for glidingmotility and for invading target cells. This makes the gregarines excellent models for studying glidingmotility, with the goal...
cells may also exhibit rapid transitions between amoeboid motility and mesenchymal motility, another form of cellular movement. Dictyostelium cells and...
Microbiology. 111: 1–61. doi:10.1099/00221287-111-1-1. Hoiczyk, E. (2000). "Glidingmotility in cyanobacteria: Observations and possible explanations". Archives...
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dependence on CO2 and "cytophaga" for its flexibility and mobility shift (glidingmotility). It belongs to the family Flavobacteriaceae, order Flavobacteriales...
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Cytophaga myxococcoides. Glidingmotility, which is present throughout the Cytophaga-Flavobacteria group, is not well understood. Motility does not involve flagella...
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an outer membrane. The system is involved variably in one type of glidingmotility, in the proper targeting of certain virulence factors to the cell surface...
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this type of motility. Myxococcus xanthus ability to use glidingmotility to move is very similar to Pseudomonas aeruginosa twitching motility.[1] Pseudomonas...
both S- and A- (or gliding) motility, which provide transportation across a dynamic range of different surfaces. Xanthus’s A-motility is most effective...
spores (zoospores), and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility. Many protists with flagella are known as flagellates. A microorganism...
is typically jerky, so it is called twitching motility, as opposed to other forms of bacterial motility such as that produced by flagella. However, some...
cell. An example is intracellular parasites using a method called glidingmotility. This is the use of an actin-myosin motor that is connected to the...
are involved in this parasite's motility. Gaji et al. 2015 find TgCDPK3 is required to begin the action of motility because it phosphorylates T. gondii's...
pneumoniae cells also possess an attachment organelle, which is used in the glidingmotility of the organism by an unknown mechanism. Sequencing of the M. pneumoniae...
the group myxobacteria. It is motile and shows glidingmotility. Under stressful conditions this motility, as in other myxobacteria, the cells congregate...