Pseudotrebouxia P.A.Archibald, 1975 (split generally considered incorrect)
Trebouxia is a unicellular green alga.[1] It is a photosynthetic organism that can exist in almost all habitats found in polar, tropical, and temperate regions.[2][3][4][5][6] It can either exist in a symbiotic relationship with fungi in the form of lichen or it can survive independently as a free-living organism alone or in colonies.[7]Trebouxia is the most common photobiont in extant lichens.[8] It is a primary producer of marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems.[3] It uses carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b to harvest energy from the sun and provide nutrients to various animals and insects.[2][4]
An ancestor of Trebouxia may have introduced photosynthesis into terrestrial habitats approximately 450 million years ago.[9] It is also a bioindicator of habitat disturbances, freshwater quality, air pollution, carbon dioxide concentration, and climate change.[10][11] Furthermore, its life cycle is complex and much research needs to be done to characterize it more completely.[12][13][14][15][1][5] For decades, the presence of sexual reproduction was unknown.[16] However, recent (2000s) molecular evidence of recombination and the observation of sexual fusions of gametes to form zygotes suggest that sexual reproduction occurs.[5]
Trebouxia (as circumscribed in 1994) is a paraphyletic group;[17] the issue was resolved by moving some members to Asterochloris.[18] Horizontal gene transfer of protein encoding genes between fungi and Trebouxia is known to have occurred.[19][5] There is also evidence of intron horizontal gene transfer among different strains of Trebouxia in lichen thalli.[5] The presence of globose cells in fossil lichens from the Lower Devonian period (415 million years ago) that look similar to Trebouxia indicate the significance of Trebouxia-like fungal symbiosis throughout the terrestrial history of Earth.[8]
^ abSilverside, AJ (2009). "Trebouxia (images of British biodiversity)". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
^ abErokhina, L. G., Shatilovich, A. V., Kaminskaya, O. P., & Gilichinskii, D. A. (2004). Spectral Properties of the Green Alga Trebouxia, a Phycobiont of Cryptoendolithic Lichens in the Antarctic Dry Valley. Microbiology,73(4), 420-424. doi:10.1023/b:mici.0000036987.18559
^ abLukesova, A., & Frouz, J. (2007). Soil and Freshwater Micro-Algae as a Food Source for Invertebrates in Extreme Environments. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology Algae and Cyanobacteria in Extreme Environments,265-284. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6112-7_14
^ abSeckbach, J. (2007). Algae and cyanobacteria in extreme environments. Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6112-7
^ abcdeSeckbach, J. (2002). Symbiosis: Mechanisms and model systems. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
^John, D. M., Whitton, B. A., & Brook, A. J. (2002). The freshwater algal flora of the British Isles: An identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^Bubrick, P., Galun, M., & Frensdorff, A. (1984). Observations On Free-Living Trebouxia De Puymalyand Pseudotrebouxia Archibald, And Evidence That Both Symbionts From Xanthoria Parietina (L.) Th. Fr. Can Be Found Free-Living In Nature. New Phytologist,97(3), 455-462. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1984.tb03611.x
^ abHonegger, R (2018). "Fossil lichens from the Lower Devonian and their bacterial and fungal epi- and endobionts". Biodiversity and Ecology of Fungi, Lichens, and Mosses. 34. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences: 547–563. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
^Horwath, W. R. (2017). The Role of the Soil Microbial Biomass in Cycling Nutrients. In T. K. Russel (Author), Microbial Biomass: A Paradigm Shift In Terrestrial Biogeochemistry(pp. 1-348). World Scientific. doi:10.1142/q0038
^Ismail, Asmida; Marzuki, Sarah; Mohd Yusof, Nordiana; Buyong, Faeiza; Mohd Said, Mohd; Sigh, Harinder; Zulkifli, Amyrul (7 March 2017). "Epiphytic Terrestrial Algae (Trebouxia sp.) as a Biomarker Using the Free-Air-Carbon Dioxide-Enrichment (FACE) System". Biology. 6 (4): 19. doi:10.3390/biology6010019. PMID 28272328.
^Taylor, T. N., Krings, M., & Taylor, E. L. (2015). Lichens. Fossil Fungi,201-220. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387731-4.00010-4
^Ahmadjian, V. (1960). Some New and Interesting Species of Trebouxia, a Genus of Lichenized Algae. American Journal of Botany,47(8), 677. doi:10.2307/2439519
^Friedl, T. (1993). New Aspects of the Reproduction by Autospores in the Lichen Alga Trebouxia (Microthamniales, Chlorophyta). Archiv Für Protistenkunde,143(1-3), 153-161. doi:10.1016/s0003-9365(11)80284-8
^Melkonian, M., & Peveling, E. (1987). Zoospore ultrastructure in species ofTrebouxia and Pseudotrebouxia (Chlorophyta). Plant Systematics and Evolution,158(2-4), 183-210. doi:10.1007/bf00936344
^Sanders, W. B. (2005). Observing microscopic phases of lichen life cycles on transparent substrata placed in situ. The Lichenologist,37(05), 373-382. doi:10.1017/s0024282905015070
^Kroken, S., & Taylor, J. W. (2000). Phylogenetic Species, Reproductive Mode, and Specificity of the Green Alga Trebouxia Forming Lichens with the Fungal GenusLetharia. The Bryologist,103(4), 645-660. [[doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0645:psrmas]2.0.co;2]]
^Friedl, Thomas; Zeltner, Cornelia (June 1994). "Assessing The Relationships Of Some Coccoid Green Lichen Algae And The Microthamniales (Chlorophyta) With 18S Ribosomal RNA GENE SEQUENCE COMPARISONS 1". Journal of Phycology. 30 (3): 500–506. Bibcode:1994JPcgy..30..500F. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1994.00500.x. S2CID 83976513.
^Skaloud, Pavel; Peksa, Ondrej (2010). "Evolutionary inferences based on ITS rDNA and actin sequences reveal extensive diversity of the common lichen alga Asterochloris (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 54 (1): 36–46. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.035. PMID 19853051.
^Beck, A., Divakar, P. K., Zhang, N., Molina, M. C., & Struwe, L. (2014). Evidence of ancient horizontal gene transfer between fungi and the terrestrial alga Trebouxia. Organisms Diversity & Evolution,15(2), 235-248. doi:10.1007/s13127-014-0199-x
Trebouxia is a unicellular green alga. It is a photosynthetic organism that can exist in almost all habitats found in polar, tropical, and temperate regions...
making it one of the most common lichens. It harbours a unicellular Trebouxia green algal symbiont. Parmelia sulcata was first described by Thomas Taylor...
Trebouxia arboricola is a symbiotic species of green alga in the family Trebouxiaceae. Described as new to science in 1924, it is usually found in association...
Trebouxia gelatinosa is a common symbiotic species of green alga in the family Trebouxiaceae. Formally described as new to science in 1975, it is usually...
Trebouxia decolorans is a widespread and common symbiotic species of green alga that is found in association with different species of lichen-forming...
described by the phycologist Patricia A. Archibald in 1975, as a species of Trebouxia. It was transferred to the genus Asterochloris in 2010. Asterochloris...
and in flatworms. Some species of green algae, particularly of genera Trebouxia of the class Trebouxiophyceae and Trentepohlia (class Ulvophyceae), can...
Common algal photobionts are from the genera Trebouxia, Trentepohlia, Pseudotrebouxia, or Myrmecia. Trebouxia is the most common genus of green algae in...
clade containing Trebouxia arboricola. A study investigated the desiccation tolerance and physiological responses of lichenised Trebouxia compared to isolated...
with X. parietina are from the green algal genus Trebouxia. Species that have been found include Trebouxia arboricola and T. irregularis. Both of these photobionts...
90% of all known lichens have a green alga as a symbiont. Among these, Trebouxia is the most common genus, occurring in about 20% of all lichens. The second...
genus Trebouxia by differences in chloroplast morphology. Later molecular research showed that Trebouxia was paraphyletic, and that some Trebouxia species...
genus from Aspicilia based on the presence of Trentepohlia rather than Trebouxia as the photobiont partner. As of July 2023[update], Species Fungorum (in...
family Ramalinaceae. The coexistence of two different species of the Trebouxia genus of green algae at the same time were found to be in each specimen...
partner may be an Ascomycete or Basidiomycete. Common algal partners are Trebouxia, Pseudotrebouxia, or Myrmecia. Common cyanobacterium partners include...
exposed to these conditions. Two species of green algae in the genus Trebouxia have been shown to serve as the photobiont partners of this lichen. According...
leptocarpha often grows in epiphytic association with Ramalina menziesii. Trebouxia decolorans is its primary algal photobiont. This species was first described...
the photobionts. The photobiont associated with the reindeer lichen is Trebouxia irregularis. It grows on humus, or on soil over rock. It is mainly found...
almost any rock or wall. The algal symbiont in X. aureola is Trebouxia. Trebouxia fixes 14C mainly into ribitol during photosynthesis; approximately...
The photobiont partner of Asterothyrium atromarginatum is a species of Trebouxia (a genus of green algae); their cells are more or less spherical and measure...
the family have a symbiotic association with a green alga (most often Trebouxia spp., but Asterochloris spp. are known to associate with some species)...
lineages of Ramalina menziesii are associated with Trebouxia decolorans, while the remainder are Trebouxia jamesii. While Ramalina menziesii only associates...
a photosynthetic companion (a photobiont) from the green algal genus Trebouxia. Teloschistaceae members are also characterised by their apothecia (the...
; de la Torre, Rosa (6 September 2013). "UV-C tolerance of symbiotic Trebouxia sp. in the space-tested lichen species Rhizocarpon geographicum and Circinaria...
'golden yellow parmelia'. The photobiont (photosynthetic partner) is Trebouxia (a genus of green algae). Xanthoparmelia was originally conceived of as...
3-12. Ahmadjian, V. 1990b. Trebouxia jamesii and the question of multinucleate cells in the lichen photobiont Trebouxia. Lichenologist 22: 321-324. Ahmadjian...
in the lichen (the photobiont partner) is always a member of the genus Trebouxia. Lichens in the genus are commonly called disc lichens, or button lichens...
members of the green algal genera Asterochloris, Chloroidium, Myrmecia, and Trebouxia. The genus Psora was first validly published in 1796 by the German lichenologist...
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